High maternal and new born mortality remains a pressing problem in developing settings. Poor treatment during childbirth contributes directly and indirectly to this problem at a rate of 82%. Many women experience disrespectful and abusive treatment during childbirth in facilities worldwide which violates their rights to respectful care and a threat to their right to life, health, bodily integrity and freedom from discrimination. Majority of women report to have experienced some form of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. This systematic literature review aimed at reviewing studies on Respectful Maternity Care interventions aimed at promoting Quality of Maternal and New born Care. Objectives were to assess literature on how mothers are treated during childbirth (experience of care/respectful maternity care), to find out the factors contributing to disrespect and abuse during childbirth, to identify strategies for addressing issues affecting respectful maternity care. The literature review employed a quality assessment tool ‘PRISMA’, by the WHO. Eligibility criteria was studies published between 1992 and 2020 in indexed national and international journals in English language focusing on Respectful Maternity Care interventions in promoting Quality of Maternal and New born Care. Literature was reviewed from academic databases, project reports and documents. Electronic searches included reference libraries: PubMed, Cochrane Reference Libraries, google scholar, Medline on Mega scope data bases, CINAHL, Embase data bases and grey literature. Studies meeting the following criteria were included in the review: 1) Respectful Maternity Care; 2) Facilitators to dignity and respect during childbirth; and 3) Quality of Maternal and New born Care (QMNC). Disrespect and abuse appear to be widespread and research and implementation efforts must continue, there is lack of standardized definitions, instruments hence affecting generalizability and comparability, there are no adequate available data to quantify the prevalence of these behaviours. No matter the conceptual framework used in future investigations, studies should seek to accomplish three objectives: (1) to measure the perceived and observed frequencies of mistreatment in maternal health settings, (2) to examine the macro and micro level factors that drive mistreatment, (3) to assess the impact of mistreatment on the health outcomes of women and their new borns, and 4)  to employ mixed method design as an optimal strategy to evaluate mistreatment and include direct observations to bridge the gap between observed measures and participants’ self-reported experiences of mistreatment.

Enlarged prostate, also known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the enlargement of the prostate gland in men resulting in frequent urination, weak urine stream, and inability to completely empty the bladder. Prostate cancer is the second most commonly occurring cancer in men and the fourth most commonly occurring cancer overall. There were 1.3 million new cases of prostate cancer globally in 2018. Although there is a scarcity of information on the disease in African men, past studies have revealed that the disease can be managed if detected in its early stages. The purpose of the study was to assess the factors contributing to delayed surgeries in enlarged prostate patients at Kisumu County Referral hospital. Specific objectives were to determine the level of knowledge and awareness on enlarged prostate; assess institutional factors hindering surgeries in enlarged prostate and determine socio-economic factors of the patients’ hindering surgeries in enlarged prostate at Kisumu County Referral hospital. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The study targeted enlarged prostate patients and top management of the Kisumu County Referral Hospital from which a sample of 50 respondents was selected using the inclusion-exclusion criteria to participate in the study. The study adopted structured questionnaires for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics with both qualitative and quantitative analysis and the findings were presented in frequency distribution tables and percentages. The study achieved a questionnaire return rate of 94% with the majority of the respondents, 45%, earning a monthly income ranging from 10,000 to 20,000. Findings revealed that 91%, had knowledge of prostate cancer with 83% stating that the medium through which they learned of the disease was the media, friends, relatives, and at the workplace. Unwillingness to be screened for prostate cancer was due to a lack of knowledge (53%). The study established the hospital was crowded, 78%, and thus the available resources were not sufficient to cater to the population seeking medical attention. Institutional factors related to doctors’/nurses’ workmanship were the common contributors to delayed surgeries and medical attention in terms of negligence, 66%, poor communication channels hence conflicting information, 72%, and doctors’/nurses’ competence at work, 42%. Evidently, the family plays a major role in one’s health decisions especially pertaining to chronic diseases such as cancer, 66%. Lack of finances limits access to quality and timely healthcare with 83% and 87% respectively. Conclusively, the majority of the delays in surgeries in enlarged prostate patients at the hospital were due to the institution’s inability in terms of resources, facilities, and qualified and competent personnel. Socio-economic factors also contributed to delayed surgeries in enlarged prostate patients at Kisumu County Referral Hospital. The study recommends mobilization and sensitization to create awareness and increase the knowledge of prostate cancer, the government should intervene through improving the facilities, resources, and staff as a measure to manage the ever-increasing population seeking medical care at the hospital and to find ways of reducing medical costs, especially for cancer patients, so as to enable victims’ access medical care with ease.