Successful kayak paddling requires a powerful and skilful paddler with an appropriately designed kayak and blade to effectively maximize power to provide forward propulsion and minimize negative drag forces. With a greater understanding of the biomechanical properties and design characteristics of kayaking, coaches and athletes can work towards successful paddling performances. Examination of what is occurring biomechanically under the stress of competition is an important step in improving race times. Since the introduction of kayaking as a sport, an increase in the understanding and research behind the biomechanics of flatwater kayaking has, in part, contributed to improved race times. This information may aid coaches in the development of more specific training programmes for their athletes. It is the purpose of this paper to review previous literature regarding the biomechanical principles of flatwater kayaking and certain design modifications in the context of its application to improving paddling performance.

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During kayak paddling, athletes attempt to maximize kayak velocity with the generation of optimal paddle forces. The aim of the current study was to examine ten elite kayakers and identify a number of key biomechanical performance variables during maximal paddling on a custom kayak simulator. These included analysing the effect of side (left and right) and period (beginning, middle, and end of the kayak simulation) on paddle force, paddle angle, mechanical efficiency, and stroke timing data. Paddle kinetics and kinematics were measured with strain gauge force transducers attached to either end of the ergometer paddle and using a 3D motion analysis system respectively. Results indicated a significantly greater mechanical efficiency during the right paddle stroke compared with the left (P < 0.025). In addition, analysing the effect of period, peak paddle force demonstrated a significant reduction when comparing the beginning to the middle and end of the simulated race respectively (P < 0.025). Examination of individual force profiles revealed considerable individuality, with significant variation in the time course of force application. Analysis of the profiles presented may provide meaningful feedback for kayakers and their coaches.