Barringtonia racemosa is an evergreen mangrove associate. It is an year-round bloomer that produces attractive pinkish-white flowers on long, hanging racemes. The flowers open during evening-night time during which only hawk moths swiftly visit them for nectar collection effecting both self- and cross-pollination. Fruits are large, single-seeded, indehiscent and buoyant, and disperse in the direction of tidal or ocean currents. Seeds are exposed only when fruits rot; when anchored in the muddy substratum, they germinate within two or three weeks to produce new plants.

Allophylus serratus produces staminate and morphologically hermaphroditic but functionally pistillate flowers, thus becoming functionally monoecious. The staminate and pistillate phases are temporally separated at the inflorescence and plant level, and in a majority of the plants staminate phase precedes, thus becoming "temporally dioecious". An individual is either staminate or pistillate at any given time during the flowering period, thus it is functionally unisexual. In some individuals there is overlapping of sexual phases. The plants are compatible to both geitonogamous and xenogamous pollen. Temporal dioecism enforces cross-pollination. The flowers are small, white, with short corolla and an open cup shape resembling wasp flowers. They are visited for nectar and pollen by bees and for nectar by wasps. The staggering of sexual phases enforces interplant visits especially by wasps and honeybees. Other bees mostly effect geitonogamy. Staggering of sexual phases excludes deposition of self-pollen that quickly buries cross-pollen, and the massive display of staminate flowers serves to attract and habituate the pollinators. scribed and discussed.

Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is an evergreen non-viviparous mangrove associate. It is hermaphroditic, strongly protandrous, self-compatible, facultative xenogamous, temporally dioecious and melittophilous. The floral mechanism is highly specialized and adapted for pollination by large-bodied bees. The natural fruit set is below 30%. The fruits mature within a month and usually contain four seeds. The fruit is a capsule and splits explosively in the dorsi-ventral plane ejecting the seeds away. This makes it anemochorous. The gregarious occurrence of the plant at the study site is attributed to propagation by seed and vegetative modes. ZUSAMMENGASSUNG: Die Vermehrungsökologie von Acanthus ilicifolius L., eine nicht-vivipare Mangrove im Gefüge des Coringa-Mangrovenwaldes von Andhra Pradesh (Indien).Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) REZUMAT: Ecologia reproductivă la Acanthus ilicifolius L., o mangrovă nonvivipară asociată din pădurea de mangrove Coringa, Andhra Pradesh (India).Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) este o mangrovă non-vivipară asociată veșnic verde. Este hermafrodită, cu protandrie accentuată, auto-compatibilă, cu xenogamie facultativă, temporar dioică și melitofilă. Mecanismul floral este foarte specializat și adaptat pentru polenizare de către albinele mari muncitoare. Setul natural de fructe este sub 30%. Fructele se coc în termen de o lună și conțin în majoritatea cazurilor patru semințe. Fructul este o capsulă și se sparge în mod exploziv în plan dorso-ventral expulzând semințele și prin urmare este o plantă anemocoră. Apariția gregară în zona studiată este atribuită propagării semințelor cât și a modului vegetativ de înmulțire.

Hyptis suaveolens is a weedy species growing wild in the tropics. In Mexico, additionally, it has two non‐weedy domesticated forms. The wild form is designated as violeta and the domesticated ones as blanca‐violeta and blanca, based on stem, flower and seed characters. The wild form has flowers with violent carinal explosion, while the domesticated forms have flowers with non‐violent carinal explosion. The carinal structure is formed by the median lobe of the lower corolla lip which conceals the stamens and the stigma even after the unfolding of the other lobes of the corolla. The carinal lobe explodes when the flower visitor lands on the flower. All three forms are foraged indiscriminately by the same species of bees. Flies and a wasp also forage on these flowers, but their role in pollination is negligible. The foraging behaviour of bees suggests that selfing is promoted during forenoon hours and outcrossing during afternoon hours. There is a direct relation between flower density, bee frequency and reproductive success. Bees approach the flowers from the front probe in an upright position; and they effect carinal‐tripping and sternotriby while probing for either pollen, nectar, or both. Apis and Exomalopsis probe the flowers also from above the upper corolla lip in which case pollination is not ordinarily effected. All three forms are both self‐ and cross‐pollinating. The domesticated forms have higher fecundity than the wild. The wild form reseeds itself, while the domesticated ones cannot, as their larger fruiting calyx requires seed‐dispersal agents. H. suaveolens, particularly its domesticated forms, can be best exploited as a potential new crop.

Mangroves are dynamic and unique inter-tidal ecosystems, common in tropical and subtropical coastal environments. They are among the world’s most productive ecosystems and are important in protecting coasts from erosion by fierce tides, in promoting the diversity of marine organisms and fisheries by contributing a quantity of food and providing favourable habitats for animals. These economic uses of mangroves indicate that they play an important role in the lives and economies in the coastal regions of different countries. Mangrove forests are under immense threat worldwide due to their multiple economic uses and alterations of freshwater inflows by various upstream activities in catchment areas. Mangrove plants with unique adaptations play a crucial role in sustaining life in mangrove forests. Their reproductive biology is central to understanding the structural and functional components of mangrove forests. The success of sexual reproduction and subsequent population expansion in mangrove plants is linked to flowering timings, pollinators and tidal currents. Viviparous and cryptoviviparous plants are true mangroves while non-viviparous ones are mangrove associates. The dispersal propagule is seedling in viviparous and non-viviparous plants while it is seed in nonviviparous plants. In this study, viviparous and crypto-viviparous species were included for study. These species are self-compatible, self-pollinating and also cross-pollinating; such a breeding system is a requirement for the success of sexual reproduction and subsequent build up and expansion of population. They are entomophilous in the study region. The viviparous plants include Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and B. cylindrica. The non-viviparous plants include Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinalis, Aegiceras corniculatum and Aegialitis rotundifolia. Sexual reproduction and regeneration events are annual in these plants and are dependent on local insects, tidal currents and nutrient content in estuarine environment. In recent times, erratic and insufficient rainfall together with industrial pollutants released into rivers is causing negative effects on the growth, development and regeneration of mangrove flora. In effect, there is a gradual decrease in mangrove cover. Added to this is continuous exploitation of mangrove plants for fuel wood, creation of shelters for cattle and changes for industrial establishments and aquaculture development in estuarine regions. As a consequence, the existing mangrove cover is struggling to survive and also not in a position to support local needs and provide livelihood opportunities through fishery resources. Further, reduced mangrove cover is showing catastrophic effects on fishing communities who live along the shore line during the period of cyclonic surges and tsunami events.