No abstract

Esta investigación se realizó para conocer el efecto de sales de fosforo y potasio en el desarrollo y control de la cenicilla (Oidium sp.) en pepino. Plantas de pepino var. Poinset 76 con signos de la enfermedad fueron asperjadas con soluciones de bicarbonato de potasio, bicarbonato de sodio, fosfato monopotásico, nitrato de potasio, cloruro de potasio y fosfito de potasio. La aplicación de sales no presentó efectos significativos (p≤ 0.05) en la altura y número de hojas en las plantas evaluadas. Con fosfito de potasio la incidencia de la enfermedad varió entre el 27.9 y 32.4%, con bicarbonato de potasio entre 19.9 y 29.5% y en el testigo la variación fue entre 44.1 y 47.4%. Veintiséis días después de la primera aplicación (dda) las plantas tratadas con bicarbonato de potasio y fosfito de potasio mostraron 67.7 y 62.0% menor severidad que las testigo. Cuarenta y dos dda con bicarbonato de potasio y fosfito de potasio se logró 49.4 y 44.5% menos severidad que el testigo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que fosfito de potasio y bicarbonato de potasio a 5 y 4.7 g L, respectivamente, redujeron de manera significativa (p≤ 0.05) la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad.

Sustainability involving the conservation and/or enhancement of natural resources and environmental protection can be practiced with biorational insecticides or diatomaceous earth. Two researches were carried out; in one, the objective was to determine the efficacy of biorational insecticides in controlling chickpea leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, without completely inhibiting the presence of parasitoids of this pest. Biorational insecticides were chlorantraniliprole, cyromazine and spinosad, and conventional insecticide was chlorpyrifos, which were similarly effective to control adults and larvae of Liriomyza. Most chickpea production in 2012-2013 (1993.3 and 1806.8 kg ha À1 ) was obtained where chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos were applied, respectively, and where spinosad and cyromazine were applied also exceeded the performance of absolute control (1213.6 kg ha À1 ). In 2013-2014, the increased production was 1621.9 kg ha À1 with chlorantraniliprole and 1556.3 kg ha À1 with chlorpyrifos, significantly different from the absolute control that produced 1136.5 kg ha À1 . Earnings were MX$ 21011.7 in 2012-2013 and MX$ 16036.7 in 2013-2014 with chlorantraniliprole, while in the absolute control, earnings were MX$ 12305.1 and MX$ 11083.5. Chlorantraniliprole was the biorational insecticide that caused greater effect in the management of this pest of chickpea and crop yields. While in another research, the objective was to determine the efficacy of different doses of diatomaceous earth against Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman. An experiment was carried out in two phases: in first, one tested diatomaceous earth at doses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g kg À1 of seed, with samples at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after application (daa), while in the second, the doses were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g kg À1 and samples at 10, 20, 30, and 40 daa. The parameters evaluated were weevil mortality and seed germination. The results indicated that the doses from 0.8 to 5.0 g kg À1 of diatomaceous earth efficiently controlled the Mexican bean weevil. The treatments did not inhibit seed germination.

This research was done with objetive to know if oral communication among members of communities in the municipality of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, is the principal means of transmitting knowledge regarding medicinal wild plants often used by people of the same communities, and identify said plants by the name scientific to the benefit of the citizens in general. The resources or techniques used to compile the information required were field observation and interview. The information was obtained by applying interviews for asking about the species known as medicinal plants and used in the community. They were carried out field trips to different communities in the municipality of Culiacan, looking for information of species used for medicinal purposes. The samples were collected when necessary and materials for photographic collections of plants were studied, as well as respondents. In each community five people were interviewed, including the old, men or women, who were selected randomly, and young people who have knowledge about the use of plants for medicinal purposes. The collection of plants was made without adversely affecting the conservation of the species studied and used as medicinal. The identification of the collections was made by consulting literature. Oral expression is the predominant form of transmitting knowledge about medicinal plants, wild or cultivated, each with scientific nomenclature, and the inhabitants of the communities known, of manner own or through others, what wild plants have properties to cure diseases.

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important crop in the world. In this study, six strains of indigenous rhizosphere microorganisms (T442, T3241, 7A1, 751, HRG-050 y HRG-060) were characterized morphologically and biochemically through catalogs and API tests, and evaluated as growth promoters and biocontrol agents of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc), causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea under laboratory and field conditions. Preliminary studies were performed in vitro, evaluating antagonism by PICR of Foc, in Petri dishes with PDA culture medium; the stimulation of germination was evaluated by seed inoculation with the same strains. In the field, chickpea seeds were inoculated with said antagonistic strains at a concentration of 1 × 10 8 ufc or conidia mL −1, establishing eight treatments: six based on the inoculation of seed with each antagonist strain, a chemical treatment (Benomyl) and a witness, in block design randomized complete, evaluating the protective effect and stimulatory in chickpea plants. The strains were characterized as Bacillus subtilis, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp., Trichoderma sp., and Bacillus megaterium, the latter with low percentage of identification. HRG-060 (Trichoderma sp.) and T442 (Bacillus subtilis) proved to be the best biocontrol agents in laboratory and field, as well as higher growth promoters, as significantly reduced growth of the pathogen and the incidence of the disease in the field, and increased the germination, greenness, biomass and yield of chickpea. The use of strains HRG-060 y T442 to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea may be possible in the conditions that have the central area of Sinaloa.