La osteoporosis es una enfermedad sistémica, metabólica ósea, multifactorial, crónica, silenciosa, caracterizada por un bajo espesor mineral óseo y alteración de su micro arquitectura, con un alto índice de fracturas, con trauma mínimo o sin trauma (cadera, columna vertebral y antebrazos). La osteoporosis se puede dar en ambos sexos y en todas las edades, considerándose principalmente un problema de salud femenino después de la menopausia, con riesgo de fracturas por encima de los 50 años. Esto aumenta los índices de enfermedad, de muerte, lo que aumenta los precios de atención médica, considerándose una dificultad significativa para salud gubernamental. El hueso normal tiene características de equilibrio entre alineación de hueso por osteoblastos y la resorción de hueso por los osteoclastos. En la osteoporosis este equilibrio se altera y hay mayor tendencia de resorción. Los elementos de riesgo para la osteoporosis son varios, entre los que destacan la edad, sexo, factores genéticos, menopausia temprana, inadecuado consumo de calcio, falta de ejercicios, alcoholismo y tabaquismo; pueden estar asociado a ciertas enfermedades endocrinas como el hiperparatiroidismo, insuficiencia renal crónica, enfermedad hepática, malabsorción y fármacos como el glucocorticoide oral. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es brindar información actualizada y específica sobre la osteoporosis en los maxilares y sus métodos de diagnóstico, que permitan al odontólogo y radiólogo, reconocer, prevenir y/o derivar al especialista indicado los casos que puedan presentarse con esta condición.
Osteoporosis is a chronic, silent, multifactorial and metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density and altered micro architecture, presenting a high fracture rate with minimal trauma or without trauma (hip, spine and forearms). Osteoporosis can occur in both sexes and in all ages; mainly considered a problem for postmenopausal women, with higher risk of fracture over 50 years old. This increases the morbidity, mortality and costs of the health system, considering it a significant public health issue. Healthy bone has equilibrium characteristics between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. In osteoporosis this balance is altered, showing a greater tendency to resorption. The most important risk factors for osteoporosis are age, sex, genetic factors, early menopause, inadequate calcium intake, lack of exercise, alcoholism, and smoking; it can also be associated with some endocrine diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, kidney failure chronic, liver disease, malabsorption and drugs, including oral glucocorticoids. The objective of this bibliographic review is to provide updated and specific information about osteoporosis in the jaws and its diagnostic methods, which allow the dentist and radiologist to recognize, prevent and / or refer to the specialist indicated cases that may arise with this condition.
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