Résumé -L'utilisation de pesticides n'est pas sans impact sur l'environnement ni sur la santé humaine. La société civile mauricienne s'est récemment emparée de la question suite à des détections de pesticides dans des légumes prélevés dans les marchés de l'île. Mais quelles sont les marges de manoeuvre des producteurs pour faire face à cette demande sociétale ? Comme les méthodes de production étaient jusqu'ici peu documentées, nous avons mené une enquête auprès de 298 producteurs de légumes afin d'analyser leurs pratiques phytosanitaires et d'en évaluer les impacts sur l'environnement. Cette enquête vise à répondre aux questions suivantes : Quels sont réellement les usages de pesticides des producteurs ? Quelles contraintes supportent-ils ? Les producteurs sont plutôt âgés (60 % ont plus de 50 ans) et peu d'entre eux ont une formation initiale de base. Près des deux tiers d'entre eux ne sont pas propriétaire du foncier. Dans ces conditions, les producteurs pratiquent une agriculture d'opportunisme visant à optimiser leur parcelle dans le temps et dans l'espace. Aucun risque, aucune perte. La grande majorité des producteurs protègent leurs cultures par des traitements phytosanitaires préventifs contre les nombreux bio-agresseurs recensés. Entre 11 et 53 traitements par an sont ainsi effectués selon les successions culturales entreprises. Près de 60 insecticides et fongicides sont couramment utilisés par les producteurs. L'outil d'aide à la décision « Phyto'Aide » nous a permis d'évaluer, ex ante, le risque du transfert de ces substances vers l'environnement. Ces risques s'avèrent importants pour tous les pesticides car les bonnes pratiques phytosanitaires sont peu ou pas respectées par les producteurs. Dans ces conditions, de nouvelles stratégies de protection contre les bioagresseurs s'avèrent nécessaires. Nous proposons dans cet article différentes pistes d'amélioration, mais aussi une stratégie d'accompagnement de ces producteurs pour faire face à une demande sociétale d'une production saine et sûre.Mots clés : pesticide / pratique agricole / enquête sur exploitation agricole / évaluation environnementale / culture maraîchère Abstract -Phytosanitary practices of vegetable growers in Mauritius: impact and prospects for change. The use of pesticides for pest control has an impact on both environment and human health. In 2015, the Mauritian government expressed the wish to develop organic farming which further spiked the interest of the local community following the detection of pesticides residues in samples sourced from different vegetable markets across the Island. But to what extent can producers respond to this request from the local society? Given that production methods were poorly documented, we surveyed 298 vegetable growers (beans, cabbages, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits, etc.) in order to analyze their phytosanitary practices and evaluate their impact on environment. The purpose of this survey is to provide answers to the following questions: How do producers actually use pesticides? What constraints...
The basic diet of ruminants in Mauritius comprises mainly tropical forages, whose productivity is highly dependent on the season. Dry matter concentrations and nutritive value of the three most important grasses (Bothriochloa pertusa, Cynodon plectostachyus and Ischaemum aristatum) on Mauritius were measured on three occasions during the year. They showed an increase in dry matter concentration and a decrease in nutritional value at the end of the dry season, more marked for farms located in the coastal region. To allow animals to meet their nutrient requirements, farmers have to adapt their practices (supplementary feeding, rotational grazing, and fertilization) to the seasonal changes on the island.
Summary A population of approximately 70 000 rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) represents the most important mammal species reared for food on the island of Mauritius, being the main source of red meat for the local population. However, very limited information is available on the circulation of pathogens affecting the productivity and health of this species. To produce baseline data on the circulation of infectious pathogens in rusa deer under production, a serological survey and/or direct pathogen detection for six selected infectious diseases was undertaken in 2007 in a sample of 53% of the herds reared in semi‐free‐ranging conditions in hunting estates. Seropositive results were recorded for Johne's disease with an indirect ELISA test (1.7%, n = 351), heartwater with an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) (95.5%, n = 178) and leptospirosis with a Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) (25.9%, n = 363). Significant associations were found between seroprevalence to some of the leptospiral serogroups detected (Tarassovi, Pomona, Sejroe and Mini) and age of the animals, animal density or location of the estates (being more prevalent in hotter and more humid areas). In addition, Mycobacterium bovis and M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis were confirmed in two deer carcasses by culture and PCR, respectively. No antibodies against Brucella spp. nor Rift Valley Fever virus were detected with the use of respective indirect ELISA's. The results obtained suggest that the population of rusa deer from Mauritius is exposed to a wide range of pathogens which may affect their productivity. In addition, the results highlight the potential public health risks incurred by deer industry workers and consumers. This survey fills an important gap in knowledge regarding the health of tropical deer meat in Mauritius and justifies the need to implement more regular surveys of selected pathogens in the deer population.
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