The monotypic genus Fuscoscypha possesses hairs similar as in the genus Hyaloscypha but differs by grey-olivaceous-brown apothecia with short dark stipes. Molecular data proves that the pigmentation does not permit delimitation of a separate genus, as white and brown taxa do not form separate clades. Followingly, Fuscoscypha is here considered to be a synonym of Hyaloscypha. Three of the here treated four species have an olivaceous-brown excipulum. Two are saprophytes on decaying leaves and fruits of angiosperms: F. acicularum, the type species of Fuscoscypha, and Hyaloscypha fuscostipitata comb. nov. (formerly placed in Betulina). Two are biotrophic parasites on Bryophyta: Hyaloscypha hepaticola comb. nov. (formerly placed in Trichopeziza) and the hyaline-excipled Hyaloscypha albocarpa spec. nov. which is otherwise very similar to H. hepaticola. The type species of the genus Betulina, B. hirta, is found to be an earlier synonym of Urceolella salicicola (= U. graddonii). The new combination Urceolella hirta is therefore proposed, hence Betulina is considered a synonym of Urceolella.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The apical bud of the Ginkgo's seedling stops early all its activity. It reaches a summer resting stage, the deepness of which is a function of time. This rest is relatively easy to break by applying long days. During autumn, the bud reaches progressively a deeper resting stage, which is in fact a winter rest. To break this winter rest, the cold seems most effective. Whenever the breaking of summer-or winter rest is performed, brachyblasts and / or auxiblasts become shooted. Age and stage of development (physiological age) are two limiting factors for the integrated action of chilling and of long days