Barium peritonitis is extremely rare, but is difficult to treat and may be life-threatening. Barium suspension leakage from the gastrointestinal tract into the abdominal cavity has a time-dependent and synergistically deleterious effect in patients who have generalized bacterial peritonitis. The severity of barium peritonitis is dependent on the quantity of barium in the abdominal cavity. Barium sulfate leakage results in hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia by worsening the exudation of extracellular fluid and albumin. Abdominal fluid analysis is a useful and efficient method to diagnose barium peritonitis. Serial radiographs may not be a reliable or timely diagnostic technique. Initial aggressive fluid resuscitation and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment should be instituted promptly, followed quickly by celiotomy. During exploratory surgical intervention, copious irrigation and direct wiping with gauze are employed to remove as much barium as possible. Omentectomy should be considered when needed to expedite barium removal. Despite aggressive medical and surgical treatments, postoperative prognosis is guarded to poor due to complications, such as acute vascular shock, sepsis, diffuse peritonitis, hypoproteninemia, electrolyte imbalance, cardiac arrest, small bowel obstruction related to progression of granulomas and adhesions in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, intensive postoperative monitoring and prompt intervention are necessary to maximize chances for a positive outcome. For those that do survive, small bowel obstruction is a potential consequence due to progression of abdominal adhesions.

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A B S T R A C TThe objective of this study was to evaluate the potential risks encountered during X-ray training in radiology education. 10 exposure scenarios were selected by interviewing the radiation experts who they are professors having roles in the X-ray training. Fourteen organ doses and 13 tissues (weighted per ICRP 103 Publication) were measured with glass dosimeters (GD-352M) and a Rando phantom. Of 270 total organ doses (27 tissues with 10 projection methods) measured, 162 organ doses (60%) were < 0.3 mSv; 206 organ doses (76.3%) were < 1 mSv. The cumulative effective doses of 10 projection methods resulted in 5.71 mSv, after consideration of tissue weighting factors. Except in human radiography for education purposes, radiation exposure risk is low. The procedure is dangerous to the human body undergoing radiography, so the risk is not justified. Fig. 8. Distribution of effective dose and mean dose, according to radiography approach.