We investigated the persistence of viable Orientia tsutsugamushi in patients who had recovered from scrub typhus. Blood specimens were available from six patients with scrub typhus who were at 1 to 18 months after the onset of the illness. The EDTA-treated blood specimens were inoculated into ECV304 cells, and cultures were maintained for 7 months. Sequencing of the 56-kDa type-specific antigen gene of O. tsutsugamushi was performed to ascertain the homology of isolates. O. tsutsugamushi was isolated from all six patients, and nucleotide sequences of isolates serially collected from each patient were identical in all five patients in whom nucleotide sequences were compared. One patient relapsed 2 days after completion of antibiotic therapy; two patients complained of weakness for 1 to 2.5 months after the illness; one patient underwent coronary angioplasty 6 months later; and one patient suffered from a transient ischemic attack 8 months later. This finding suggests that O. tsutsugamushi causes chronic latent infection, which may be associated with certain clinical illnesses, preceded by scrub typhus. Antibiotic therapy abates the symptoms of scrub typhus, but does not eradicate O. tsutsugamushi from the human body.

Antigenic types of 113 strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from Korean patients were analyzed by using murine polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The isolates can be classified in six groups according to their reaction to a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Nine isolates of group I were identified as the Gilliam serotype, and 13 isolates of groups Il and III were identified as the Karp serotype. There were two groups that were considered to be a mixture of groups I and II or groups I and III, respectively. The remaining 88 strains of group IV had a unique antigenic determinant that was not present in the prototype strains (Karp, Kato, Gilliam), in addition to sharing common antigens with the prototype strains. Therefore these strains, which are more prevalent in Korea, seem to belong to a new serotype closely related to the Karp serotype.

The genes encoding the 56-kDa polypeptides were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the genomic DNAs of three serotypes ofRicketasia tsutsugamushi, Gifliam, Karp, and Boryong. The amplified products were cloned into expression vector pIH821, and the recombinant antigens were expressed in Escherichia conl as fusion proteins with maltose-binding protein. The recombinant 56-kDa polypeptides were purified by affinity chromatography for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes. The recombinant 56-kDa polypeptides were * Corresponding author. epitopes are present within the protein (6, 9, 16, 17, 19, 23), it may be useful in the development of tools for serologic diagnosis.

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We describe the first case of Japanese spotted fever and the first isolate of spotted fever group rickettsia from a patient in South Korea. The isolated rickettsia from the patient was identified as Rickettsia japonica by analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA, gltA, ompA, ompB, and sca4 genes.