This study investigated the effect of the mixing ratio of TiO2 nanoparticles (P25) and titanium alkoxide (T-sol) on various properties of TiO2 films. The specific surface area of the TiO2 film was determined using BET analysis, while the microstructure and thickness were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Transmittance and pencil hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the transparency and durability of the coating layer, respectively. The results showed that, as the P25 content increased, the specific surface area of the TiO2 film also increased, but this effect decreased as the ratio of T-sol to P25 increased. Additionally, the thickness and surface roughness (Ra) of the coating layer increased as the P25 content increased, with the thickness increasing from 210 to 950 nm and Ra increasing from 51 to 88 nm. However, the transmittance of the coating layer decreased as the P25 content increased, indicating that the films became less transparent. Furthermore, the pencil hardness of the coating layer decreased as the P25 content increased, indicating that the films became less durable. Finally, the oil contact angle decreased as the P25 content increased, indicating that the films became more hydrophilic.

Glazes of (70 − x) ZnO-30 B2O3-x Bi2O3 with different Bi2O3 contents were prepared by the conventional melt quench technique. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves were obtained to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tc) of the glazes. The activation energy of the glass transition (Eg) and crystallization (Ec) were calculated using the Moynihan and Kissinger models, respectively. The glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased linearly with increasing Bi2O3 content. This is because the larger Bi3+ ions reduced network connectivity and opened up the structure. The Tg increased gradually with increasing heating rate (β). This is because the higher heating rate provided more energy for the glass to transition to the liquid state. The activation energy of the glass transition (Eg) decreased with increasing Bi2O3 content. This indicates that the glass-forming ability of the system increased with increasing Bi2O3 content. The energy corresponding to the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation during nucleation and crystal growth (Ec) increased with increasing Bi content to about 30%, and then decreased above 40%. This suggests that higher Ec values have an advantage in preventing crystallization in the crystallization danger region. It can be seen that the addition of Bi2O3 in (70 − x) ZnO-30 B2O3-x Bi2O3 glazes affects the density and distribution of oxygen atoms in the glass structure. It can also be seen that the increased Bi content promotes the formation of Bi-O-Bi bonds, which act as network modifiers to reduce the number of non-cross-linked oxygen atoms and increase network connectivity.