No abstract

Sports and recreation activities are always exposed to various safety issues before, during and after activities. Positive practices could avoid the occurrence of accidents that caused injuries to the participants. Risk management practices are the most important element in the organization or management of sports and recreation activities. This element is significant in increasing the wellbeing of a society where a safe and healthy population can be developed. Each activity that was about to be organized and the facilities provided must be free and safe from incidents that could cause injuries either direct or indirectly. The development in sports and recreation activities need the involvement of knowledgeable, skilled and qualified personnel in order to offer various products and services to the society. The products and services offered could develop a competitive and precise economy to the nation. Sports and recreation activities as well as others could offer new business prospects, services and latest products. The objective of this article was to look into and explain how risk management practices through sports and recreation activities could help assure and secure the quality and wellbeing of a society.

The present study examines the effects of physical module elements (adventure based activity) included in the Malaysian National Service Programme and to investigate the socio-demographic variables impact on team cohesion building among the participants.In this study, the participants were selected from three different camps, namely, Tasoh camp, Guar Chenderai camp and Meranti camp, located in the state of Perlis, Malaysia.The participants were those from the second batch intake in the year 2007. The sample sizes comprised of 994 participants (480=males, 514=females). The present study applied a pre-test and post-test design. The group was tested before and after the programme. This design was chosen because it could measure the impacts of the adventure-based activity towards team cohesion over time through the pre-and post-test scores (Berg & Latin, 2004). The variables comprised of the demographic factors (age, gender and place of residence), which included team cohesion were measured by Group Environmental Questionnaire (GEQ) (Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985). Results indicated that the participants of the National Service Training Programme underwent group cohesion change during the Physical Module activities (adventure based activities) that were carried out at the camp. The changes were observable based on the statistically analyzed data during the pre and post-test.

This study aimed to identify and compare the level of mental toughness that consisted of five subfactors namely the reversal of mistakes, pressure control, focus, self-confidence, and motivation among football players of a state and university football team. The questionnaire used in this study was Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) that measure the level of mental toughness among the players. The findings showed that the state players scored greater mistake reversibility, pressure control, focus concentration, and self-confidence compared to university players. No significant differences of motivation between those two clubs. The findings of this study can provide guidance to coaches especially to identify the level of mental strength among their players and provide appropriate mental training.

White water kayaking is the fun sport on fast moving water, typically call white water river. The element of fun and challenge has attracted many people to join this adventure sports in Malaysia. This study examined the risk in adventure sport tourism by white water kayakers in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to reveal the injuries suffered by whitewater kayakers during activity. This 2013 survey will be described using descriptive data only. The survey forms were distributed via kayak clubs and associations under the auspices of the Malaysian Canoe Association (MASCA). The survey asked respondents about their previous injuries during white water kayaking activities. All the data concerning to age, sex, experience and ability was collected from them. A total of 217 respondents provided feedback on this survey. Of the total 217, about 186 respondents experienced injuries during an activity, while the rest did not suffer any injuries while they were kayaking. The result showed only 41% seeks medical attention after injury. These whitewater kayaking activities require physical exertion as well as emotional and mental stability. Good practise and skill can help kayakers avoid injuries and accident during paddling session. This sport has been developing and growing each year. Future studies can also be done by looking for new discipline in white water which is "playboating" which may find different risk and injury.