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High utilizers make up a small percentage of individuals who seek care in psychiatric emergency services and disproportionately use resources. It may be helpful to use two definitions of high utilizer to identify patients at different phases of their illness and to guide clinical interventions and mental health policies.

The literature has not yet addressed the role of cytokines in comorbid depression and CHF. But cytokines may provide a new avenue in understanding brain-body interaction in depression and heart failure.