We investigate whether political independent supervisory boards (political I-SBs) help companies to reduce their corporate risks in the setting of Indonesian two-tier board system. This study is different from other studies in several ways. First, while most prior studies examine the effectiveness of independent boards in one-tier board setting, we use dual board system. This system promotes the strategic role of political I-SBs. Second, we use two measures of corporate risks: operating and market risks. Based on 1,176 firm-year observations for operating risk analysis and 1,254 firm-year observations for market risk analysis, we find that firms with political I-SBs have lower operating and market risks than firms with non- politically connected independent SBs. We also control for endogeneity problem using GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) method, and the results are still consistent.

Universities, especially in the United States, have developed from an organization that aims to educate someone with a higher knowledge and spiritual awareness of God which is at the same time related to the interests and goodness of society (Murphy, 2005) into an organization that considers profit as a measure of success (Bridgman, 2007). Therefore, the application of a business management system to manage a university to produce high performance is important and this is known as a university enterprise or entrepreneurial university (Sandgren, 2012). Culture is central to management because it influences various things in the organization such as leadership, organizational management, adaptability, performance, and others that will influence in the long run (Paksoy, Genc, and Kilic, 2015). In the context of a Christian-based university in Indonesia, the understanding of cultural meanings and the process of cultural formation is an interesting topic to study. Even though it has a fundamental similarity, namely Cristianity, it appears that there are different management practices and behaviours in 'A' rank accreditation Christian university on Java island. The process of cultural formation in Christian universities and its elaboration in management practices and patterns of organizational behaviour are things that are rarely studied. The purpose of this study is to explain the process of organizational culture forming in Christian-based universities on Java island. The description of this process is expected to inspire how to build an organizational culture in a university. Keywords: Culture, Organizational Culture, Organizational Behaviour, Universities, Christianity

Jangkar karir adalah motivasi intrinsik yang mendorong seorang individu untuk mengejar apa yang ingin mereka capai dalam tujuan karir mereka. Tujuan riset ini untuk mengungkap orientasi karir internal individu dengan menggunakan konsep jangkar karir. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus untuk mengungkap jangkar karir dominan, menilai jangkar karir berbasis kelompok, dan menganalisis hubungan jangkar karir untuk mengetahui pergeseran struktur dan isi konsep jangkar karir. Dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, sebanyak 49 orang karyawan yang bekerja pada perusahaan media cetak di Provinsi Bengkulu dijadikan narasumber dan diminta mengisi kuesioner secara online. Data yang valid dianalisis menggunakan diagram oktagonal. Hasil analisis mengungkapkan bahwa keamanan ekonomi muncul sebagai jangkar karir dominan dan diikuti oleh jangkar karir ganda. Jangkar karir otonomi, tantangan, dan layanan tidak menarik bagi mereka. Jangkar karir needs-based yang terdiri atas keamanan ekonomi, stabilitas geografis, dan gaya hidup adalah kategori jangkar berbasis kelompok yang paling disukai di antara responden dan membuktikan berbagai jangkar karir menjadi tujuan kerja. Namun, tidak ada karyawan yang memilih jangkar karir values-needs. Ditemukan bahwa semua hubungan jangkar karir bersifat saling melengkapi. Hasil ini mempertanyakan konsep satu individu hanya mempunyai satu jangkar karir dominan dan berkontribusi pada konsep jangkar karir ganda. Karyawan media cetak itu sendiri lebih memilih menjalankan semua jenis pekerjaan yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pokok hidup mereka daripada berkreasi. Disarankan agar perusahaan dapat membuat fleksibilitas dalam bekerja karyawan yang mengakomodir kebutuhan tersebut agar mereka dapat berinovatif.

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Objective - The purpose of this study is to explain the process of organizational culture forming in Christian-based universities on Java Island. The forming is concerning the culture of its founding context and how the organizational culture is manifested in organizational behavior and management practices. The description of this process is expected to inspire how to build an organizational culture at the university. Methodology/Technique - We conduct an exploratory study using a qualitative method because it enables us to reveal the process. The primary data were obtained from university leaders, collected through in-depth interviews. Researchers chose five leading Christian-based universities on the island of Java that have an A-level institution accreditation. Findings – To avoid conflicts of interest, the objects of research chosen was in a different operational area from the university where the researcher originated. Our main finding is that there are many models in the process of organizational culture forming in Christian-based universities. In addition, our study also revealed that not many universities have built their values systematically and structured from the very beginning. Therefore, they do not directly claim that the values they build influence their performance. Novelty - However, they all agreed that the values they built gave direction to the development of each university. This research will be beneficial in the study of organizational development, university governance, and university performance, especially in the context of private universities in Indonesia. Thus, private university, especially Christian-based universities, can reflect on and choose their own way to shape their organizational culture. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: M10, M19. Keywords: Culture, Organizational Culture, Organizational Behavior, Universities, Christianity Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Widjaja, J.H; Kuslina, B.H. (2022). The formation of organizational culture and its managerial impact: Evidence from Indonesia Christian-Based Universities, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review, 7(2), 79 – 90. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2022.7.2(3)