Background The peripheral nervous system tumours exhibit a diverse range of morphological characteristics and biological behaviour, ranging from benign to locally aggressive such as plexiform neurobroma to highly malignant (MPNST) Aims and Objectives This study aims to examine the morphological variations of PNST and investigate the accompanying degenerative changes. The study also aims to determine the relative incidence of benign, locally aggressive, and malignant tumours, including their location, age of presentation, and gender distribution. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, ESIC Hospital, from January 2020 to December 2022. It includes 29 cases presented and diagnosed at our institute on both clinical and pathological basis. The slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin were evaluated, and the lesions were categorized and classied following the World Health Organization's 2020 classication of soft tissue and bone tumours. The tumours were also assessed for secondary degenerative changes. Results Out of 29 cases, 28 were benign, and only one case (%) was malignant in nature. The commonest age group was 14-62 years, Male and female ratio being 1.64:1. Our study comprised 29 cases of PNST. The age range with the highest frequency of occurrence was found to be 21 to 30 years, with the head and neck region being the most commonly affected site. The peripheral nerve sheath tumours (PNSTs) analyzed in the study included neurobroma (62.07%), schwannoma (31.03%), and malignant PNST (6.90%). Approximately 10% of neurobromas met the criteria for neurobromatosis type 1 (NF1). Malignant tumours were larger in dimension than benign ones. Myxoid, cystic, and hyaline changes were commonly associated with benign tumours, while necrosis, haemorrhage, and mitotic activity were seen with malignant tumours. Conclusion This study emphasizes the different pathological forms of PNST and the morphological modications and association with NF1. Familiarity with the various forms of PNST is crucial for precise diagnosis due to their varying biological characteristics

: Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is autoimmune thyroiditis; it is considered as second most common thyroid disorder diagnosed on FNAC following colloid goitre. FNAC is a reliable and efficient method for diagnosing these thyroid lesions. Chronic Lymphocytic thyroiditis frequently affects women, primarily compared to men and is commonly found with hypothyroidism, euthyroidism or every so often with hyperthyroidism. The incidence rate of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is 1–4%, with an occurrence of 30–60/100000 population per year. Autoimmune thyroiditis can be categorised on the cytomorphological features of FNAC. To compare FNAC cytological findings with TFT in Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. One hundred ten patients with thyroid swellings were presented for FNAC examination, serology of TFT and Anti TPO antibodies and Ultrasonography during 2020–2021. In addition, fine needle aspiration cytology was performed using non-aspiration or aspiration techniques. TFT and Anti- TPO antibodies were performed on Avion CLX 120 auto analyser based on the Chemiluminescence method. Out of 110 cases of midline neck swelling presented in our department, Autoimmune Thyroiditis was observed in 43 cases. The most affected age group of lymphocytic thyroiditis was 21–30 years, with the male: female ratio being 1:3. Most of the patients presented with diffuse swelling and few presented with nodular swelling. The Grading of the lymphocytic thyroiditis was done by the criteria used by Bhatia et al Anti-TPO antibody was elevated in 19 cases (26.2%), and TSH was elevated in 28 cases (40.81%). These cases were diagnosed as autoimmune thyroiditis on cytology, clinically and also correlating with radiological findings. Grade 3 lymphoid infiltrate was seen in 53.33% (16/30) cases, and Grade 2, lymphoid infiltrate was seen in eight cases (62.50%). Grade 1 lymphoid infiltrate was seen in five cases (11.63%). Among 43 cases, 28 cases (65.12%) show hypothyroidism, 7 cases (16.28%) show hyper, and 8 cases (18.60%) show Euthyroidism. Among these 43 cases, 26 cases showed diffuse thyroid swelling on ultrasonography, and 7 cases showed solitary nodule. Grade 3 lymphocytic infiltration statistically correlates with anti-TPO and TSH in conjunction with ultrasonography findings of diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland. The presence of Hurthle cell change, giant cells, anisonucleosus, and granulomas do not find to be any statistical correlation with lymphocytic thyroiditis as these cases are primarily corresponding to Grade 1 and Grade 2. Through this study, we conclude that FNAC remains the gold standard method despite having different diagnostic modalities accessible for diagnosing thyroid lesions. Grading of FNAC Smears depends on lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid follicles, along with positivity for antithyroid antibodies (anti-TPO antibody) and TSH. These findings are firmly associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis.

Background: Ovarian tumours pose a significant and intricate issue, contributing to the wide-ranging problem of ovarian pathology. The mortality rate of this condition surpasses the combined mortality rate of endometrial and cervical neoplasms. To address this challenge, we conducted a study of the clinical spectrum, its accompanying findings, and various histomorphological patterns of ovarian lesions. Our findings provide a definite diagnosis, which is of great clinical importance and aids in enhancing the understanding of the disease and developing proper management plans for patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the department of pathology, ESIC hospital from January 2021 to December 2021. A total of 62 ovarian tumours, were analysed for a year, verifying their clinical, radiological, and gross features and correlating them with histopathological findings. Results: Out of 62 cases, 53 were benign, 3 cases were borderline and 6 were malignant. Most of the patients (60%) were from the reproductive age group. Among non-neoplastic lesions, the commonest epithelial tumours were serous cystadenoma 35 cases (43.5 %), 10 mucinous (16.1%). The most common germ cell tumour was mature cystic teratoma 10 cases (16.5%) and others. Among neoplastic lesions, five cases were of surface epithelial type. Abdominal pain (70.97%) is the most common presenting symptom, followed by dysfunctional uterine bleeding (9.6%), mass per abdomen (4.8%), abdominal distention (4.2%), and loss of weight (3.4%). The right ovary is more affected than the left. Bilaterality was observed in all lesions of size more than 4.5 cm. Conclusions: The ovary is a frequently affected site of tumours in the female reproductive system, and they often exhibit a diverse range of clinical, morphological, and histological characteristics. Among these tumours, benign tumours are the most prevalent, with surface epithelial tumours being the most commonly observed subtype. In this study, benign epithelial tumours comprised the majority of cases, accounting for 66.2% of cases. The most common types of benign tumours were serous cysts, corpus luteal cyst and mature cystic teratoma. It is important to note that although most ovarian tumours are benign, some can be malignant, requiring more aggressive treatment. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to warrant the best probable outcome for the patient.