No abstract

Psychological distress and biobehavioral vulnerability (e.g., arising from being older or sedentary) have independently predicted immune responses to influenza vaccination in older adults. Recent research examining basal inflammatory markers suggests that, rather than having additive effects, distress and vulnerability interact with each other. The present study tested the interactions between distress and age, sex, education, BMI, sleep quality, and physical activity over up to 8 years in older adults (N = 134; M age = 74 years) who received annual influenza vaccinations. Measured vaccination responses were changes from baseline in antibody to the three vaccine components, interleukin (IL)-6, and b2-microglobulin. As predicted, the most robust effects were interactions between distress and vulnerability. BMI interacted with stable individual differences in distress to predict antibody response (t(132) = 3.09, p < 0.003), such that only the combination of low BMI and low distress was associated with a more robust antibody response. Likewise, changes in physical activity over time interacted with changes in distress (t(156) = 2.96, p < 0.004), such that only the combination of increased physical activity and decreased distress was associated with a more robust antibody response. Finally, there was a smaller tendency for age to interact with stable individual differences in distress (t(130) = 2.46, p < 0.015), such that distress was more strongly associated with post-vaccination IL-6 at older ages. The synergistic effects of distress and other forms of vulnerability are an important direction for future research and a target for interventions to improve immunological health in older adults.

No abstract

No abstract

Self-regulation, or the ability to modulate one's thoughts, actions and emotions, is necessary for achieving one's goals and functioning well. Poor self-regulation can lead to ineffective problem solving, passive coping techniques, difficulties altering one's mood, and difficulties in overriding impulses (Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). Evidence of self-regulatory failure can be seen in many of the problems plaguing society, such as obesity, aggression, and drug and alcohol abuse. The process of self-regulation may be conscious and deliberate or unconscious and automatic. Likewise, the substrates of selfregulation may be accessible or inaccessible to consciousness. Although individuals have some insight into their typical self-regulatory capacity, they are often unaware of phasic decrements in their ability to meet self-regulatory demands (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998;Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). Therefore, self-regulation is a more expansive concept than self-control, which typically connotes only conscious control over the self. Furthermore, self-regulation can encompass both psychosocial and physiological systems; indeed, one aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how psychological and cardiac regulation are related.