International audienceBy introducing repo markets we understand how agents need to borrow issued securities before shorting them: (re)-hypothecation is at the heart of shorting. Non-negative amounts of securities in the box of an agent (amounts borrowed or owned but not lent on) can be sold, and recursive use of securities as collateral allows agents to leverage their positions. A binding box constraint induces a liquidity premium: the repo rate becomes special and the security price higher than expected discounted cash-flows. Existence of equilibrium is guaranteed under limited re-hypothecation, a situation secured by (current or proposed) institutional arrangements

No abstract

We use club theory for the first time to provide a model of securities exchange (SX) formation. We think of a SX as a local public good that allows its traders to diversify risk by trading their securities with other SX members. In our two-stage equilibrium setting, traders evaluate SXs depending on their risk-sharing possibilities and, given these evaluations, choose the SX they want to join. Security prices can differ among SXs and traders may value SX memberships differently. We establish continuity properties in both stages and show that equilibrium exists for a generic set of economies. JEL ClassificationWe thank comments and suggestions from

This paper examines, in the context of a multiple types of consumers, a set of necessary and sufficient conditions under which equilibrium and optimum exist, and involve mixing types of consumers in jurisdictions. Pricing includes visa permits for entry. Following Berglas (1976), we assume anonymous crowding and complementarities in production. For a large economy, we prove existence of equilibrium and the first and second welfare theorems. Our simultaneous optimization approach provides a new technique for showing existence of equilibrium in local public good economies with local production and a continuum of agents.JEL Classification: C70, D71, H40, R13.

No abstract