Colombia is a country with important reserves of heavy oil, located mainly at the "llanos orientales" and at the "Magdalena Valley Medium" basin, the oilfields located in this basin, have been developed using cyclic steam stimulation, showing recovery factors close to 15%, indicating that a large quantity of oil has not been removed yet. Due to the above reasons, it has been thought in the steam flooding as an alternative for the extraction of remaining oil, but the intercalated shale in the deposits in question, acting as thieves, heat affects the thermal efficiency of the process, why is not clear whether the steam flooding will be viable in the deposits of the Magdalena valley, specifically in the TECA field. Given the above, it is necessary to conduct a study to determine the effect of the intercalated shale on thermal efficiency. This study was carried out using numerical simulation and analytical models in the case of a numerical simulation model was compared with intercalations of shale and a homogeneous model, we conducted a further analysis of sensitivity to the rock and fluid properties, as well as operational parameters for the implementation of a steam flooding, including a scheme of selective injection. Finally, we found that the thermal efficiency is greatly affected by the intercalated shale is decreasing by up to 30%, a value considerably higher than would seriously affect the technical and economic feasibility of the project but has been observed to implement a scheme of selective injection could increase the efficiency of the process, making this more feasible to perform.
E copetrol, based on the results obtained in the study "The Effect of Diesel Properties on the Emissions of Particulate Matter" (Bello et al., 2000), reformulated the diesel fuel distributed in Bogotá, becoming it lighter and with a lower sulfur content. In order to evaluate the environmental benefits that the reformulation of diesel fuel generate in Bogotá, Instituto Colombiano del Petróledo (ICP), with the assistance of Emissions Research and Measurement Division (ERMD) from Environment Canada, arranged a research project to determine the changes in CO, THC, NO x , CO 2 and Particulate Matter emissions. The research program was developed in two steps. First one, developed in Bogotá, involved a fleet test with 15 public service buses that normally operate in Bogota's Savannah, using a portable emissions sampling technology developed for ERMD (DOES2) and following a representative transient driving cycle. Second step, carried out in ERMD´s Heavy-Duty Engine Emissions Laboratory in Ottawa, tested a 1995 caterpillar 3406E 324,5 kW (435 HP) diesel truck engine on the same samples of Colombian diesel fuels used in the fleet tests performed in Bogotá, baselining the tests with a Canadian Commercial Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel. The two commercial Colombian diesel fuels used had the following properties: High Sulfur Diesel (HSD), with 3000 ppm (0,3 wt%) of sulfur and a Final Boiling Point (FBP) of 633 K and the new reformulated diesel fuel, with 1000 ppm (0,1 wt%) of sulfur and FBP of 613 K, which is currently been distributed in Bogotá. Fleet test show small reduction on CO, THC and TPM, and small increments on CO 2 and NO x , but with not statistically significant results, while engine testing shows an strong reduction of 40,8% in TPM when you use the new reformulated diesel fuel (0,1wt% of sulfur) instead of high sulfur diesel.
Résumé -Corrélation de l'opacité Bacharach des gaz d'échappement. Prédiction des paramètres opérateurs qui la réduisent -Cette étude vise à déterminer les progrès à effectuer dans le contrôle de l'opacité Bacharach de la fumée dégagée par différents types d'équipements à fuel à travers une même cheminée. Afin de relier l'opacité Bacharach et les paramètres opérationnels de l'équipement de combustion, on a construit un modèle, sur la base de l'information recueillie lors d'un fonctionnement en routine pendant environ un an, sans expériences de laboratoire, ni altérations intentionnelles des paramètres.Afin d'assurer la validité du modèle, on a appliqué différents outils chimiométriques aux données, recueillies sur une période suffisamment longue. Étant donné la grande complexité des données manipulées (paramètres d'équipement, propriétés du fuel-oil, conditions opérationnelles, etc.), le modèle a été construit à l'aide de différents outils de complexité croissante. Par conséquent, on a d'abord mené une analyse en composantes principales (PCA, Principal Component Analysis) sur les variables définissant les différents types de fuel-oil utilisés, afin de supprimer leur corrélation élevée. Les résultats de cette analyse ont été utilisés comme données dans les étapes suivantes. À cause de la complexité élevée des paramètres impliqués, les méthodes de régression linéaire n'ont pas fonctionné, de sorte que, pour déterminer l'influence de ces paramètres sur l'opacité Bacharach, on a dû utiliser la méthode de régression non-linéaire ACE (Alternating Conditional Expectations).Une fois le modèle construit, on a déterminé les paramètres gouvernant l'opacité, et le modèle a été validé expérimentalement par l'exploration des variables modifiables in situ (combinaison du coke Conradson et des asphaltènes dans le fuel-oil, viscosité de l'huile dans le brûleur et proportion d'oxygène dans le four). On a vérifié que les propriétés de l'échappement de la cheminée variaient avec ces paramètres ; les prédictions du modèle ACE ont également été confirmées. La méthodologie proposée permet donc un contrôle effectif de la fumée dégagée par l'équipement.
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