Due to its high death rate, cancer has been one of the most researched diseases all over the globe. A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in developing cancer biosensors as they show superior analytical performance and real-time measurement. Further with recent advances in molecular biology and bioengineering, biosensors diagnosis of cancer has taken a new direction. Due to high specificity and promise of early diagnosis, biosensors are prime candidates for current and future cancer diagnosis. With ever increasing list of biomarkers associated with various types of cancer and innovation in bioengineering, the future for diagnosis of cancer seems promising. In present article we have discussed various biosensors and biomarkers as a promising tool for cancer diagnosis.

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Introduction:The tibia is the most commonly fractured long bone in the body and understanding of the mode of injury, fracture pattern is necessary to decide an operative management. Tibia shaft fractures are commonly managed by interlocking nail. This study is to assess the surgical management and assess the functional outcome of tibia shaft fractures. Materials and Method:The study consist of 50 patients with tibia shaft fracture treated with tibia interlocking nail. Clinical outcome and function results were evaluated by Alho & Ekland's criteria. Result: In this study, we have operated a total 50 cases with tibia interlocking nail in tibial shaft fractures. The average union time was 17.68 weeks. The study yielded about 82 % of excellent result. Conclusion:The present study shows that closed fractures of the tibia shaft treated with interlocking intramedullary tibia nailing involves minimal surgical trauma and negligible blood loss. It provides the advantages of early ambulation, lower rates of infection and non-union. A significant advantage of interlocking nail in addition to early joint mobilisation, is early weight bearing which allows earlier return to work. Hence the study concluded that closed interlocking intramedullary nail is the treatment of choice in closed tibia shaft fracture.

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Background: For extracapsular proximal femur fractures, the treatment options are innumerous, though the implant choice is debatable. In our institute we use proximal femoral nail for the treatment of extracapsular proximal femur fractures. Choosing most suitable implant for such fractures specially in old aged osteoporotic patients till date puts the surgeons in great dilemma. Aim & Objective: To study the clinical results and functional outcome of proximal femoral nail in extracapsular proximal femur fractures routinely used in our institute and to review the available literature. Material & Methods: This study consists of 60 patients who had undergone treatment of proximal femur fractures. Males constituted 70% of the study and 43.6% of the patients were more than 60 years old. Clinical outcome and functional results were evaluated by using Harris Hip scoring system. Results: Mean duration of surgery was 93 min.Post-operative complication rate was 6.7% which was superficial infection. Average time of union is 11.7 weeks. One patient had shortening of 2 cms and 2 patients had shortening of 1 cm. According to the Harris Hip Score we got excellent result in 70% and good result in 20%. Conclusion: Proximal femur fracture is common in elderly due to osteoporosis and mostly occurs due to trivial fall. PFN being a closed procedure, the amount of blood loss and duration of surgery was lesser. PFN is technically easier, with least complications even on follow up. PFN achieved the best clinical results and highest functional scores. Hence we conclude that PFN is the treatment of choice in proximal femur fracture.