Introduction: Many newborns die every year due to various congenital anomalies and those who survive, suffer from long-term morbidity. To deal with birth defects, a large proportion of health resources and workforce is required. Among the various congenital anomalies, neurological birth defects are the leading type. Objective: The objective of the study was to document the epidemiological features and prevalence of congenital neurological anomalies in rural areas. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the department of pediatric of a medical college of Rajasthan. The study population included live births born in our institution between 1990 and 2018. A register was maintained after delivery to document the particulars of neonates with a congenital birth defect and their mothers. We had taken neonatal record from this register and analyzed the data of the past 28 years, retrospectively. Results: Of 241,848 live births, 6623 cases were identified with a primary diagnosis of one or more congenital anomalies giving a prevalence rate of 274/10,000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI]: 262.2–285.8). Anomalies of the nervous system were the second common defects, accounting for 19.95% of the birth defects just after the heart disease anomalies (21.65%). Neurological anomalies were diagnosed in 1321 neonates. The prevalence of neurological anomalies was 54.62/10,000 live births (95% CI: 49.75–59.49). The most common neurological anomaly was myelomeningocele/meningocele (spina bifida cystic) found in 64.87% of cases followed by Chiari malformation (7.72%), encephalocele (6.89%), microcephaly (6.88%), hydrocephalous (1.43%), and spina bifida occulta (1.43%). Conclusion: Neurological anomalies were among common congenital anomalies and considerable cause of mortality and morbidity. Myelomeningocele/meningocele (spina bifida cystic) was the most common neurological anomaly.

Background: We measure the umbilical cord thickness of newborn just after delivery with digital Vernier caliper and correlate the association with antenatal maternal risk factors. This helps the pediatricians to predict which newborn need close monitoring. Objectives: The aim of indexed study to evaluate the umbilical cord thickness, maternal antenatal risk factors and determines the association between umbilical cord thickness and antenatal maternal risk factors. Methods: This is a cross sectional prospective study conducted between 2020 and 2021 at Rajkiya Mahila Chikitsalaya, J L N Medical College, Ajmer, India. Total 303 newborn subjected for this study. Out of these 189 newborn enrolled as control group for this study. Enrolment of sample was simple as our convenience during the study period. Results: Mean umbilical cord diameter was found smaller in newborns which associated with antenatal risk factors as compared to controls without antenatal risk factors (cases: 9.89 ± 2.53 mm; controls: 10.56 ± 2.26 mm) and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Oligohydramnios and meconium-stained liquor were found to be associated with the smaller umbilical cord diameter (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Oligohydramnios and meconium-stained liquor were found to be significantly associated with the thin umbilical cord.

Background - Aplasia cutis congenita is a congenital absence of skin in new born. It can be anywhere over body. Aplasia cutis congenita is a rare congenital disorder of skin. We are presenting a case of aplasia cutis congeni Case report – ta in female child associated with pyomeningitis. Conclusion - Aplasia cutis congenita, its rarity and unknown etiology is the reason of reporting. It is rarely reported a case of Aplasia cutis congenita with association of pyomeningitis.

Background: There are a number of syndromes with a combination of pigmentary abnormalities, hearing abnormalities and other defects. One among these pigmentary syndromes is waardenburg syndrome, which is further classified into four types. All these types show marked variability even within pedigrees. Case-Report: We are reporting a case of Waardenburg syndrome type 2, with an unusual presentation of atrial septal defect and rocker bottom foot. Conclusion: All clinicians on noticing, any child with white forelock of hair or heterochromia iris should get the child’s hearing tested and further systemic evaluation, at the first instance, because an early intervention for hearing impairment and other defects can improve the outcome of child. Family counselling is at-most important for these children with syndromes. We describe a unique case of Waardenburg syndrome type 2 with an unusual presentation of atrial septal defect and rocker bottom foot.