Given the importance of the spine in carrying out daily movements, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can significantly limit the range of motion (ROM). Severe forms of AIS are treated surgically, most commonly with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation, which may also reduce spine ROM. This review is the first to describe the literature on total spine ROM in patients with AIS before and after corrective surgery. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify articles reporting global spine ROM in AIS patients. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 486 articles were initially identified. Two independent reviewers (YM and JH) assessed eligibility for inclusion. A total of 11 articles fit the inclusion criteria. AIS in untreated patients seems to limit axial and coronal plane ROM based on the degree of curve severity, with more severe curves having less ROM. More research comparing total spine ROM in untreated AIS patients to that of healthy controls is needed. In those undergoing spinal fusions, the lowest instrumented vertebra and surgical approach appear to minimize further reductions in ROM; however, the findings are mixed. Vertebral body tethering (VBT) shows promising preliminary results in treating AIS while preserving motion; however, long-term outcomes have yet to be assessed for this novel procedure. The results of this systematic review suggest that further research is required before treatment strategies can be modified for surgically treating patients with AIS to take into account the effects of treatment on changes in spine mobility.

Herpes zoster opthalmicus (HZO) is the reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) within the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion (V1). Common complications are postherpetic neuralgia and vasculopathy. Here, we report a rare case of a 47-year-old female presenting with HZO and aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST). Early screening for rare and deadly complications such as CST using CT cerebral venography (CTV) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV), as was done, is crucial to detection at earlier stages when intervention is most effective. Anticoagulation therapy was promptly started, and the patient's symptoms continued to improve during the hospital stay.

currently study was to characterize DNA methylation dynamics of trophoblast differentiation during human peri-implantation stage embryos by single-cell whole genome bisulfite sequencing (scWGBS).DESIGN: Prospective research study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vitrified and warmed day 5 (D5) human blastocysts were cultured to embryonic D8, D10, and D12 according Deglincerti et al., 2016. Cultured embryos were treated with trypsinLE, and three different classes of placental cells were selected based on their size and location, and individually snap-frozen. Cells were categorized as ''small'' representing cytotrophoblast, ''large'' representing syncytiotrophoblast, or migratory ''migratory trophoblast'' (MTB). scWGBS analysis was performed to compare the DNA methylation landscape of these three trophoblast cell lineages at three developmental time points near implantation.RESULTS: We sequenced 96 samples and obtained approximately 10 million 150 bp paired-end reads per sample. In total, we captured approximately 1.2 million CpG sites at 10X coverage. Clustering analysis showed each trophoblast population had a distinct methylome, and the methylome profiles of trophoblast from different developmental stage had the most distinct methylomes. We revealed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) among trophoblast from different stages and lineages, and found that DMRs were largely located at intergenic regions, suggesting that these noncoding regions may play important roles in trophoblast specification. Pathway analysis of the annotated genes from DMRs revealed a number of signaling pathways that are known to be essential for trophoblast development. Finally, by using our previously reported RNA-seq data generated from trophoblast at the same developmental stages, we revealed a weak inverse correlation between gene expression and promoter methylation. Therefore, while CpG methylation plays a role in trophoblast differentiation, it is likely not the only regulatory mechanism involved in this process.CONCLUSIONS: Using the human embryo in vitro extended culture system and scWGBS analysis, we characterized DNA methylation dynamics of implantation stage human early trophoblast cells. This comprehensive analysis provides insight into the critical features of the methylome in trophoblast development and differentiation, and offers meaningful information about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in human embryo implantation.