This paper studies the effect of health care expenditure on health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) using data from 1995 to 2018 for 45 countries. It uses fixed effects and generalized methods of moments estimation approaches for the analysis. The paper measures health care expenditure using three proxies: namely, total health care expenditure per capita, public health care expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP), and private health care expenditure to total health expenditure. Health outcomes are measured by child health outcomes (under-5 mortality rate) and life expectancy. The results show that increase in health care expenditure as measured by total health care expenditure per capita and public health care expenditure to GDP leads to decline in under-5 mortality rates. The results also show that total health care expenditure per capita leads to an increase in life expectancy. The study therefore recommends that governments in SSA increase budget allocations towards the health care sector to achieve better health outcomes.

The study aimed to examine the relationship between financial development and health care expenditure in 46 Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. The paper argues that health care expenditure is a key transmission mechanism through which financial development influences better health outcomes. The study used random and fixed effects as well as instrumental variable estimation methods using data from 1995 to 2014. The results showed that financial development leads to increased health care expenditure. In terms of policy implications, the findings underscore the need to foster financial development in SSA economies to assist with domestic resource mobilisation to finance health care expenditure.

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Renewable energy technologies provide an opportunity for sub-Saharan Africa countries to reduce energy poverty, achieve energy security and economic growth. This paper examined the relationship between financial development and renewable energy development using data from 17 selected sub-Saharan Africa countries for a 17-year period from 2000 to 2016. The study sought to understand whether financial development is associated with increased renewable energy generation capacity. The investigation adopted a fixed effects and system generalised methods of moments estimation approaches to understand the relationship between financial development and renewable energy development. The results show that financial development is positively correlated with renewable energy production capacity. These results imply that policy makers in sub-Sahara Africa must foster financial development in their respective countries to ensure increased investment in renewable energy production capacity.