Examine  the effect of food security which consists of the dimensions of affordability, availability, quality & safety and natural resources on the human development index (HDI) and its impact on the level of economic activity for countries in the Southeast Asia region. The research design uses hypothesis testing of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). This study uses sample of 9 countries in Southeast Asia region (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) with a study period of 9 years (20120-2020). The research findings show that the dimensions of affordability and quality & safety have a significant positive effect on HDI, while the dimensions of availability and natural resources have no positive effect on HDI. Other findings also prove that HDI has a positive effect on the level of economic activity (GDP).

Most of the countries in ASEAN are agriculture based country such as Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Facts show that the food security condition of ASEAN countries based on agriculture has a low food security rating, while countries such as Singapore have the highest food security ranking in the world. The purporse of this paper is to mapping Asian food security in terms of afffordability, availability, quality & safety and natural resources and to proof the impact of food security on human development.The research design used is a quantitative research with comparative performance index and panel regression. The sample used in this study was 9 counteries in ASEAN with a time series period 2012-2020.The findings show that the condition of food security in ASEAN countries is a contribution from the aspect of affordability and quality and safety, while the aspect of availability and natural resources has a low contribution. The results of the regression panel show that the dimensions of food security that are proven to have a significant effect on human development are affordability, quality & safety and natural resourches, while the dimensions of availability is not proven.

This study aims to investifate the effect of job stress and leadership style (transformational and toxic) on job satisfaction and its impact on employee retention. The research design uses hypothesis testing. The population were employees of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti. The number of samples is 154 respondents. The analytical method is the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The research findings showed that even though job stress produces a negative influence on job satisfaction, it is not statistically significant. Leadership styles have a positive effect on job satisfaction, where transformational leadership is more dominant than toxic leadership. The results also showed that job satisfaction has a positive impact on employee retention. The indirect test results showed that job satisfaction mediated for job stress but not mediated for leadership style where the effect of transformational leadership is stronger than toxic leadership.

One indicator of the success of a business process is employee retention and the factors that cause it include leadership style. This study was conducted with the aim of testing which one most dominantly affects employee retention, whether transformational leadership or toxic leadership mediated by job satisfaction. The research design used is hypothesis testing using the Structural Equation Model. Samples were taken by purposive sampling method to employees, both lecturers and academics staff in the scope of  Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) Universitas Trisakti. The research findings showed that transformational leadership is proven to be more dominant in influencing employee retention than toxic leadership, either directly or indirectly through job satisfaction.Keywords:  employee retention; job satisfaction; toxic leadership; transformational leadership.