Global estimates of emissions of greenhouse gasses do not take into account the complex service chain in rapidly growing cities in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents an end-to-end analysis to estimate emissions from all stages of the sanitation-service chain, using Kampala in Uganda as an example. We show that emissions associated with long periods of storage of faecal waste in sealed anaerobic tanks (49%), discharge from tanks and pits direct to open drains (4%), illegal dumping of faecal waste (2%), leakage from sewers (6%), wastewater bypassing treatment (7%) and uncollected methane emissions at treatment plants (31%), are contributing to high levels of greenhouse-gas emissions. Sanitation in Kampala produces 189 kt CO2 e per year, which may represent more than half of the total city-level emissions. Significant further empirical and modelling work is required to update estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from sanitation systems globally.

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This chapter suggests that American communities have used the theater to claim a stake in national identity by “sounding” American. The root of this practice is the phenomenon of speaking on behalf of another person, a vocal performance style that, among other things, is the foundation of American democratic principles. This vicarious voice is exemplified in two iconic American institutions born from Jacksonian ideology--musical theater (via blackface minstrelsy) and Mormonism. This chapter argues that examining the two together creates an important case study for how a unified American sound motivates and permeates the practice of belonging in America. Such a provocation also makes the case for the importance of studying musical theater outside of Broadway and offer this as an example of how significant a role musical theater plays in the lives of people all over the world for reasons that have little to do with the economic, entertainment, or consumerist purposes of Times Square.

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