Here, we evaluate a perhaps unexpected contributor of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to our wastewater, an input anticipated at every wastewater treatment facilitytoilet paper. In this study, both toilet paper and wastewater sludge were characterized to explore the magnitude of the potential PFAS loading into wastewater systems from toilet paper. In both toilet paper and wastewater sludge, 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2 diPAP) was the most prevalent PFAS detected, and toilet paper usage was estimated to contribute from 6.4 to 80 μg/person-year of 6:2 diPAP to wastewater–water systems. Our results suggest that toilet paper should be considered as a potentially major source of PFAS entering wastewater treatment systems.

Wastewater treatment plants generate a solid waste known as biosolids. The most common management option for biosolids is to beneficially reuse them as an agricultural amendment, but because of the risk of pathogen exposure, many regulatory bodies require pathogen reduction before biosolids reuse. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are well documented in biosolids, but limited information is available on how biosolids treatment processes impact PFAS. Furthermore, quantification of PFAS has focused on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) which are a small fraction of thousands of PFAS known to exist. The objective of this study was to quantify 92 PFAS in biosolids collected from eight biosolids treatment facilities before and after four pathogen treatment applications: composting, heat treatment, lime treatment, and anaerobic digestion. Overall, total PFAS concentrations before and after treatment were dominated by PFAA precursor species, in particular, diPAPs which accounted for a majority of the mass of the Σ92PFAS. This differs from historic data that found PFAAs, primarily PFOS, to dominate total PFAS concentrations. Treatment options such as heat treatment and composting changed the ratio of PFAA precursors to PFAAs indicating a transformation of PFAS during treatment. This study finds that PFAA precursors are likely underrepresented by other studies and make up a larger percentage of the total PFAS concentration in biosolids than previously estimated.