The education system in Indonesia has two main sub-systems, one under the management of the Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC), and madrasah education and religious education under the management of the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MoRA). Out of approximately 233,517 state schools and madrasah, about 82% are state schools and the remaining 18% are madrasah; and out of 49,402,000 students from these institutions, 87% are registered in-state schools and other 13% are registered in madrasah. Indonesian laws and regulations require state schools and madrasah to be treated equally. Moreover, madrasah teaches the same national curriculum in addition to Islamic religious subjects regulated by MoRA. The author tried to define the current circumstance of Islamic education in Indonesia, the academic issues that the government faces and sought possible solutions for them through field surveys and data analysis methods used throughout the investigation. The found data show that improper infrastructure of government contribution towards public education including religious education, and limited quota in pedagogical universities lead to a shortage of teachers in rural areas. The government of Indonesia needs further educational reforms in the area of public education, teacher training, and re-training programs, and increasing teachers' salaries. School dropouts, shortage of well-qualified teachers, and school fees challenge the national education system in the country.

The Government of Uzbekistan, experiencing modern reforms in an educational sector as a strategic part of a development program after the last presidential elections, spends an enormous portion of its resources on public education -significantly more than other countries in Central Asia, elsewhere with a similar income level, however, satisfactory results yet to be achieved and remains one of the crucial issues of the republic. Meanwhile, far in South-East Asia, Indonesia has made dramatic progress on expanding access to education, directing a huge stream of money towards formal education over the past few decades, but still, the learning outcomes remain low. In addition to key reforms in mandatory schooling in terms of increased quality of investment, utilization of information, communications hold considerable promise in improving educational outcomes. This comparative study on the compulsory education of both countries investigates the reasons for the low results in schooling in Indonesia and Uzbekistan. Throughout the survey, we have interviewed school teachers, principals, and authorities, analyzing available sources to find out the problem-causing factors. Drawing on our findings indicating the need for reforming the teaching-learning process, and proper investments in public education to reach promising milestones.

Current literature conveys that in spite of multiple studies being conducted to explore the influences of various macroeconomic factors both geographical and non-geographical on the CO2 emissions in different parts of the world, there is a scarcity of the same analyses from oil-producing countries. In this study, we reveal a new dimension by investigating the dynamic linkage of climate change, economic growth, energy use, and agricultural and rural development to the CO2 emissions of oil-producing countries around the world. In doing so, we apply Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration test, vector error correction model (VECM), pairwise Granger causality test, impulse response function (IRF), and some supportive models such as-generalized method of moments (GMM), and fixed-effect models. Our primary VAR-based models’ evidence that energy use (EUE), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade to GDP (TPR) rate have both short-run and long-run casual consequences in CO2 emissions, while only long-run Granger causality is running from agricultural land ratio (ALR), forest area ratio (FAR), gross domestic product (GDP), population growth rate (PGR), renewable energy consumption (REC), and rural population rate (RPR) to CO2 emissions. However, bidirectional associations are observed between CO2 to foreign direct investment and trade percentage rate; EUE to renewable energy consumption and TPR; and TPR to FDI and gross domestic product. To demonstrate the significant impact, our secondary analysis tools GMM and fixed-effect regressions’ results disclose that high energy use and more domestic products significantly contaminate the environmental condition by increasing CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Hence, our research provides great implications for the authorities of government, producers, businessmen, and general public in the oil-producing countries to ensure a sustainable environment by reducing energy use or alternating with renewable energies and emphasizing environmentally friendly products production over the long-run rather than conventional products production in the short-run.

The primary objective of the current study was to determine how job satisfaction effects the job performance of sugar industrial workers in Bangladesh. Moreover, this study examined the level of job satisfaction of employees in Bangladesh’s sugar industrial estate. In this quantitative study, respondents filled out a pre-structured questionnaire. The stratified random sampling approach was used to select 300 respondents from five sugar mills in the sugar industry. Job Performance Indicator (JPI), an 8-item self-rated performance scale, was used to assess job performance, and job satisfaction was measured using the JSI (Job Satisfaction Index). A regression analysis was performed using SPSS software for this study. Initially, reliability statistics were calculated for both scales in order to assess their relevance. The study’s findings showed a strong relationship between employee job satisfaction and job performance. The survey also showed that, compared to respondents’ personal characteristics, job-related factors had a greater impact on job performance. Furthermore, based on the findings of the study, job satisfaction among sugar sector workers in Bangladesh does not significantly differ by qualifications or age. In addition, the study found that foremen had a greater knowledge of the worksite than workers with less experience. However, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. There is strong evidence that employee satisfaction varies based on employee category. To improve job satisfaction and performance, the results and findings will be useful for the government, policymakers, and personnel departments of Bangladesh’s sugar mills. To make organizational decisions and policies about job satisfaction and job performance, it can be used to measure job satisfaction and the impact of job performance.

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