The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has upended the educational system worldwide, possibly with severe long-term consequences as most training institutions were forced to move to an online environment. Given the sudden transition to remote education, the main objective of this contribution is to evaluate the impact of distance education on examination results. We investigated the examination results of tax related subjects collected at the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague during the period from 2014 to 2020. The sample consists of examination results of 120 different classes within 6 years with a total amount of 7268 observations. Firstly, we pivoted the data into the long format and performed binary logistic regression. Our findings suggest that the odds that student successfully passes the exam increases if the student was examined online compared to in-person. Additionally, we used KNN regression which enables us to predict success rate for an upcoming semester. According to our analysis, it is expected that on average 82 students out of 100 will successfully pass the exam. The model was calibrated using cross-validation to choose optimal K.

Impact of Aggressive Tax Planning on Collection of Income Tax on Legal Entities In this paper, estimates of tax losses as a result of aggressive tax planning are presented using two different methodological approaches. While the International Monetary Fund (IMF) methodology addresses profit shifting and corresponding tax losses across the European Union, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) methodology uses FDI data and a list of so-called offshore financial centres. According to the IMF methodology, the annual tax losses are about EUR 69-105 billion for the EU-28. According to our calculations, the Czech Republic achieves negative losses (tax revenues) of CZK 15 billion per year, probably due to the low effective tax rate (16.4%) and investment incentives. On the other hand, the UNCTAD methodology implies annual tax losses for a given EU member state of about EUR 18 billion. Because of limited data availability, we estimated the regression model for only 22 EU member states for the period 2013-2016.

Since Bitcoin introduction in 2008, the cryptocurrency market has grown into hundreds-of-billion-dollar market. The cryptocurrency market is well known as very volatile, mainly for the fact that the cryptocurrencies have not the price to fall back upon and that anybody can join the trading (no license or approval is required). Since empirical literature suggests that GARCH-type models dominate as VaR estimators the overall objective of this paper is to perform comprehensive volatility and VaR estimation for three major digital assets and conclude which method gives the best results in terms of risk management. The methods we used are parametric (GARCH and EWMA model), non-parametric (historical VaR) and Monte Carlo simulation (given by Geometric Brownian Motion). We conclude that the best method for value-at-risk estimation for cryptocurrencies is the Monte Carlo simulation due to the heavy diffusion (stochastic) process and robustness of the results.

This paper solves the question of the Czech households’ tax burden and its trend during the period from 2005 to 2015. Authors identified three groups of model Czech households based on the Czech Statistical Office data. The consumer basket structures, the median income, direct and indirect taxes rates were the parameters covered by the analyses. The weighted VAT tax rates were calculated for the consumer basket items valid for the year 2015. The year 2015 was used as the reference one for the rest of the period. The results show the estimated cumulative tax burden including direct and indirect taxation in 2015 and the previous years. The paper identified the changes and the trend of taxation level relating the Czech households.

When choosing the appropriate jurisdiction, trading companies need to consider many variables. This can include administrative burdens, the speed of establishment of a company, the granting of some degree of anonymity of ownership, and a friendly tax environment. This article is focused on finding the corporate effective tax rate in the Czech Republic in the period 2005–2017 with the database of the Czech tax administrator. In the light of the international tax law, the information concerning effective tax rates becoming necessary. The results of this study show that the nominal tax rate may not be decisive for the determination of the tax burden, as most countries allow the application of tax allowances and deductions and thus achieve virtually lower taxes.