The present study was undertaken to study the effect of calcinate temperature on characteristics of hydroxyapatite synthesized from the fish scale (FHAp). The FHAp calcined at different temperatures starting from 100 up to 300 °C. The structures of FHAP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The analytical results show that the FHAp quality increased as the calcin temperature increased. The FHAp displayed excellent characteristics in term of particle size, morphology and properties and crystalinity after calcined at 300 °C, FHAp 300. From this study, it founded that 300 °C is the lowest calcin temperature could be applied to synthesize high quality of HAp from fish scale biowaste.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a biodegradable crystalline powder that normally isolated through acid hydrolysis process of cellulose. However, the implication of high concentration of acid, such as more than 5M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in MCC production is concerned. Therefore, this work studies the effect of low acid concentration (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 M) and hydrolysis temperature (40, 60 and 80 °C) for the MCC isolation from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) assisted with steam explosion process cellulose fibers. Yield, crystallinity and chemical properties of the isolated EFB-MCC were discussed and compared with the commercial MCC. The crystallinity result shows the range of 72 – 77% for the isolated EFB-MCC. The highest crystallinity (77%) achieved at 3.5M H2SO4 at 80°C, similar to the crystallinity of the commercial MCC. As for the yield, the trend is decreasing severely as the increment of temperature, however small reduction of yield detected at different H2SO4 concentration. While for the chemical properties, FTIR spectra illustrated consistent wavenumbers detection for the EFB-MCC, commercial MCC and exploded EFB-Cellulose. It can be concluded that the optimum condition for the acid hydrolysis process is 1.5M H2SO4 at 60 °C with the middle range of crystallinity (74.7 %) and yield (82.4 %).

This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroxyapatite integration with polyethersulfone (PES) membrane towards fouling mitigation. PES membrane were modified through self- assembly technique with hydroxyapatite (form fish sclaes) which prepared at different sintering temperatures. This composite membrane were characterized concerning on permeability coefficient, membrane porosity, ATR-FTIR analysis fouling quantification. Overall results showed that PES membrane incorporated with hydroxyapatite sintered at 300°C (PES/FSHAp-300) promoted an excellent characteristics and performance. The membrane demonstrated high permeability coefficient and membrane porosity for about 93.52 L/m2.h and 89.78%, respectively. This kind of membrane was also presented the highest flux recovery ratio around 83.3% and this findings can be a good pathway for the design of low fouling membrane for enzyme separation.