Transmission pathways have fundamental influence on microbial symbiont persistence and evolution. For example, the core gut microbiome of honey bees is transmitted socially and via hive surfaces, but some non-core bacteria associated with honey bees are also found on flowers, and these bacteria may therefore be transmitted indirectly between bees via flowers. Here, we test whether multiple flower and wild megachilid bee species share microbes, which would suggest that flowers may act as hubs of microbial transmission. We sampled the microbiomes of flowers (either bagged to exclude bees or open to allow bee visitation), adults, and larvae of seven megachilid bee species and their pollen provisions. We found a Lactobacillus operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in all samples but in the highest relative and absolute abundances in adult and larval bee guts and pollen provisions. The presence of the same bacterial types in open and bagged flowers, pollen provisions, and bees supports the hypothesis that flowers act as hubs of transmission of these bacteria between bees. The presence of bee-associated bacteria in flowers that have not been visited by bees suggests that these bacteria may also be transmitted to flowers via plant surfaces, the air, or minute insect vectors such as thrips. Phylogenetic analyses of nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the Lactobacillus OTU dominating in flower- and megachilid-associated microbiomes is monophyletic, and we propose the name Lactobacillus micheneri sp. nov. for this bacterium.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Missouri Botanical Garden Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. ABSTRACTIn angiosperms selection has led to the utilization of numerous substances other than pollen and nectar that help to insure repeated visitation by pollinating animals. Here, we group the various substances into nonnutritive and nutritive rewards and discuss within each group the specific kinds that occur. In our discussion of nutritive rewards, we emphasize floral oils, lipids produced by one of two types of specialized secretory organs called elaiophores and which serve as nutritive rewards for certain New World anthophorine bees. Although discovered only within the last 15 years, the syndrome of oil production now appears to be one of the most widespread kinds of floral rewards. We report here for the first time the occurrence of oil production in the Solanaceae (Nierembergia). It is apparent that oil production has evolved independently many times, but plants which produce oils that are collected by female anthophorine bees show similarities in the chemistry of the oils and the types of structures that produce them. It is not clear whether other groups of plants reported to produce oils but which are not pollinated by anthophorine bees possess an analogous system or not. 1 We thank S. Yankowski, M. J. Mann and S. Braden for assistance in the preparation of specimens for Figs. 1-13. Nutritive rewardsBrood places (larval nutrition) Adult nutrition Food tissues (food scales, food bodies, sweet tissues, pseudopollen) Nonfertile "food" pollen Stigmatic secretions Fatty oils (lipids)Here we will concentrate on floral rewards other than nectar and pollen in the traditional senses of pollen as functional gametes and nectar as a primarily sugardominated water solution secreted from one of the numerous kinds of floral nectaries (Fahn, 1952(Fahn, , 1979Kartashova, 1965). Most of the rewards we discuss have been derived from totally different portions of the flowers or inflorescences, but we will include rewards that have been derived from pollen or nectar but which are now functionally or chemically distinct.In our discussion, we have divided alternative rewards into two groups. The first group includes those used by pollinators for purposes other than nutrition and the second, those which serve primarily as food sources for adults, larvae, or both. Table 1 lists the kinds of rewards within each of these categories. Of the rewards in the latter group, we will emphasize lipids most heavily, primarily those of the Krameriaceae and Malpighiaceae, groups with which we have been working for several years. NONNUTRITIVE FLORAL REWARDS STRUCTURE...

This study of 200 adults receiving outpatient services in rural Middle Tennessee was conducted to provide data on the validity of the CES‐D as a measure of depressive symptomatology. Specifically, the study sought to determine the CES‐D's ability to discriminate between outpatients and a sample of community residents, between patient groups reflecting different diagnostic classifications and levels of problem severity, and based upon such comparisons, to select cutting points on the CES‐D which would indicate levels of depressive symptomatology which denote a need for services. The data indicated that the CES‐D distinguished (1) between patients and nonpatients, (2) among various patient groups, and (3) among depressed patients with varying levels of problem severity. Further, the study cites the utility of new cutting points of 17 and 23 to provide an estimate of “possible” and “probable” caseness within the community. The study provides support for the utility of the CES‐D in determining levels of depressive symptomatology in the population.

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Data from a community sample of 1,784 Anglo, African‐American, and Mexican‐American adults were examined to assess: (1) the nature and magnitude of observed racial/ethnic and acculturation level differences in depression, (2) the relative contribution of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors (fatalism and religiosity) to observed differences, and (3) the joint effects of fatalism and religiosity as sociocultural resources with regard to depression in differing racial/ethnic and acculturation level subgroups. Analyses indicate the most dramatic differences in depression among males—African Americans were roughly similar to Anglos and levels of depression were significantly higher among the least acculturated Mexican Americans relative to Anglos, even after statistical controls. Acculturation level differences among Mexican‐American females were explained by statistical controls. Lower levels of depression among more highly acculturated than among less acculturated Mexican Americans provide little support for a simplistic stress formulation of acculturation. Rather, the interplay of acculturation, fatalism, and religiosity supports a more complex cultural marginality model, emphasizing the consistency of attitudinal elements and language use as facilitators or inhibitors of assimilation into Anglo culture. Both those who successfully acculturate and those who are most insulated in traditional culture appear least depressed from this perspective.