European and African subspecies of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) utilize social encapsulation to contain the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray), a honeybee colony scavenger. Using social encapsulation, African honeybees successfully limit beetle reproduction that can devastate host colonies. In sharp contrast, European honeybees often fail to contain beetles, possibly because their social encapsulation skills may be less developed than those of African honeybees. In this study, we quantify beetle and European honeybee behaviours associated with social encapsulation, describe colony and time (morning and evening) differences in these behaviours (to identify possible circadian rhythms), and detail intra-colonial, encapsulated beetle distributions. The data help explain the susceptibility of European honeybees to depredation by small hive beetles. There were significant colony differences in a number of social encapsulation behaviours (the number of beetle prisons and beetles per prison, and the proportion of prison guard bees biting at encapsulated beetles) suggesting that successful encapsulation of beetles by European bees varies between colonies. We also found evidence for the existence of circadian rhythms in small hive beetles, as they were more active in the evening rather than morning. In response to increased beetle activity during the evening, there was an increase in the number of prison guard bees during evening. Additionally, the bees successfully kept most (~93%) beetles out of the combs at all times, suggesting that social encapsulation by European honeybees is sufficient to control small populations of beetles (as seen in this study) but may ultimately fail if beetle populations are high.

Problem statement: The research problem of education came from school teachers who emphasized high grade-point average. The immediate social, Cultural aspects were overlooked. Students were drawn to consume media, internet and individual person to a greater extent. By taking up foreign culture. The students forgot, if not, ignored their own historical root. The purpose of the study was to study the learning activities historical to students and the changes brought to students and teachers from the learning activities historical. Approach: The research aimed to examine students'-based learning on local history. Twenty secondary schools were chosen for this qualitative research using related research literature and field study. Eight-Five samples included 40 students (boys and girls), 20 teachers, 20 village-teachers and 5 villages-teacher historians. The study was presented in the form of descriptive. Results: The study found 4 Students'-based learning models: Learning from real experiences; happy learning; cooperative happy learning and self-help learning. Due to the study, the students were proud of themselves; the people generated their own local development process keeping up with changes brought by globalization; the young people were good, happy, cooperative , supportive, skill full thinking and analyzing; they were good members of the Thai society. Conclusion: The research project benefited the participant students directly especially their conscience and pride in their community. It was believed that the research results satisfied the government educational policy of 2001 and the 2008 central core curriculum that our society needed good and responsible citizens; the citizens that were happy, loved their community and its members. They themselves were the nation's valuable human resources.

No abstract

No abstract

Due to a continuing shift toward reducing/minimizing the use of chemicals in honey bee colonies, we explored the possibility of using small cell foundation as a varroa control. Based on the number of anecdotal reports supporting small cell as an efficacious varroa control tool, we hypothesized that bee colonies housed on combs constructed on small cell foundation would have lower varroa populations and higher adult bee populations and more cm(2) brood. To summarize our results, we found that the use of small cell foundation did not significantly affect cm(2) total brood, total mites per colony, mites per brood cell, or mites per adult bee, but did affect adult bee population for two sampling months. Varroa levels were similar in all colonies throughout the study. We found no evidence that small cell foundation was beneficial with regard to varroa control under the tested conditions in Florida.