In an intensive care-supported model of gram-negative septic shock, early AKI was not associated with changes in renal blood flow, oxygen delivery, or histological appearance. Other mechanisms must contribute to septic AKI.

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BackgroundThe increased adverse cardiac events in women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting are multifactorial and may include clinical, psychosocial, and biological factors. Potential contributing biological factors could include vascular hyperreactivity of the internal mammary artery (IMA) to endogenous vasoconstrictors in women, resulting in a predilection to myocardial ischemia. This study evaluated sex differences in serotonin and thromboxane A2 dependent vasoconstriction in human isolated IMA, with the mechanistic role of (1) the endothelium, (2) nitric oxide (NO), (3) prostaglandins, and (4) receptor activity investigated for any observed sex difference.Methods and ResultsViable isolated human IMA segments were obtained from 116 patients (44 women [mean age, 66.8±12.2 years] and 72 men [mean age, 66.6±10.4 years]) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Cumulative concentration‐response curves for serotonin and thromboxane A2 mimetic, U46619, were determined and revealed an increased sensitivity to serotonin but not U46619 in women. This sex difference to serotonin was further assessed by the following: (1) endothelial denudation, (2) endothelial NO synthase inhibition and NO quantification using electron paramagnetic resonance, (3) cyclooxygenase inhibition and prostaglandin metabolite quantification using mass spectrometry, and (4) quantification of receptor activity status. The female hyperreactivity to serotonin was (1) abolished by endothelial denudation; (2) unaffected by NO synthase inhibition, with no difference in electron paramagnetic resonance–assessed NO levels; (3) abolished by cyclooxygenase inhibition (quantification of prostaglandins in IMA revealed a trend towards reduced 6‐keto prostaglandin F1α in female IMA; P=0.08); and (4) unrelated to receptor activity.ConclusionsThese data indicate that female IMAs are hyperreactive to serotonin but not U46619, with the former attributable to an endothelium‐dependent cyclooxygenase pathway.