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& Conclusions-Very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits used in the space & nuclear industry are continuously subjected to ion radiation. As the limits of VLSI technology are pushed towards sub-micron levels in order to achieve higher levels of integration, devices become more vulnerable to radiation induced errors. These radiation induced errors can lead to system failure, particularly if they affect the memory portion of vital subsystems, such as state machine controllers. This paper explores the use of classical fault-tolerant state machine architectures based on hardware & information redundancy to design radiation-immune controllers. Those architectures particularly suitable for VLSI-implementation using ordinary, low power CMOS technology are identified, with the primary objective of correcting single flip-flop errors. Each architecture was implemented on a set of benchmark sequential circuits and evaluated in terms of circuit-size and maximum path-delay. The best overall architectures, 'SEU-I TMR' and 'Modified Explicit EC', used a non-redundant excitation circuit and redundant flip-flops, followed by error correction circuitry to tolerate single flip-flop errors. 'The singular & plural of an acronym are always spelled the same.

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