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Although refill adherence measures (RAMs) are widely reviewed on their use among adult patients, existing reviews on adherence among children have only focused on self-report measures and electronic monitoring. Hence, this systematic review aims to examine the use of RAMs and their association with economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes (ECHO) among pediatric patients. A literature search was conducted in Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Studies published in English involving subjects aged ≤18 years were included if RAMs were analyzed with ECHO. Of the 35 included studies, the majority (n = 33) were conducted in high-income countries. Asthma was the most common condition (n = 9) studied. Overall, 60.6% of 33 clinical outcomes reported among 22 studies was positive (improved clinical outcomes with improved adherence), while 21.9% of 32 economic outcomes reported among 16 studies was positive (reduced healthcare utilization or cost outcomes with improved adherence). Only four studies evaluated the relationship of adherence with 11 humanistic outcomes, where the majority (72.7%) were considered unclear. RAMs are associated with ECHO and can be considered for use in the pediatric population. Future studies could explore the use of RAMs in low-income countries, and the association of RAMs with quality of life.

Since the release of the Navy Navigation Satellite System (or Transit) to the public in 1967, the oil and gas exploration industry has been an active innovator and end user of this potentially highly effective navigation and positioning tool. However, many knowledgeable people outside the oil exploration community, and even some people from within the community, do not know the role played by Transit in the pursuit of increasingly difficult to find oil and gas reserves. Moreover, these same individuals are unaware of the costly operational delays in exploration activity caused by the present poor orbital coverage in the Transit System. This paper attempts to call attention to the oil and gas exploration communities' requirements for navigation and positioning and to the active role played by the Transit Satellite System. The possible uses of future navigation satellite systems (such as GPS) are also explored. Most important, this paper puts forth the plight of the civil user of the present day Transit system and the civil user's similar predicament if commercial use of GPS is available only in the coarse code mode.

Over the past four years, integrated satellite navigation systems have found increasing use on offshore geophysical survey vessels. A need has arisen for additional knowledge of the accuracy limitations of these systems.