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FD-ET reported more near-falls in the past year and a reduction in balance confidence; additionally, ability to maintain tandem stance was impaired compared to Co. These data suggest a more pervasive abnormality of cerebellar dysfunction than previously conceived, extending beyond ET cases themselves and manifesting in mild form in their unaffected family members.

Only twenty-seven cases of primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin have been reported. Three additional cases are included in this paper. The clinical presentation is distinctive; they are found most commonly in middle-aged, black males in the head and neck region as painless nodules, usually less than 3 cm in diameter. Previous reports have indicated the probable sweat gland origin of these tumours; one of our cases demonstrates a transition from a solid hidradenoma-like pattern to nests of tumour cells floating in mucin lakes, adding support for the sweat gland hypothesis. The clinical behaviour is relatively benign; late recurrences are common but metastases are rare. Only one case had widespread metastases. Although the histological appearance is distinctive, other primary sites first must be excluded. Local excision is the treatment of choice.

Discogenic back pain is a common condition without approved intervertebral disc (IVD) repair therapies. Cell delivery using injectable biomaterial carriers offers promise to restore disc height and biomechanical function, while providing a functional niche for delivered cells to repair degenerated tissues. This systematic review advances the injectable IVD cell delivery biomaterials field by characterising its current state and identifying themes of promising strategies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to screen the literature and 183 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. Cellular and biomaterial inputs, and biological and biomechanical outcomes were extracted from each study. Most identified studies targeted nucleus pulposus (NP) repair. No consensus exists on cell type or biomaterial carrier, yet most common strategies used mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery with interpenetrating network/co-polymeric (IPN/CoP) biomaterials composed of natural biomaterials. All studies reported biological outcomes with about half the studies reporting biomechanical outcomes. Since the IVD is a load-bearing tissue, studies reporting compressive and shear moduli were analysed and two major themes were found. First, a competitive balance, or ‘seesaw’ effect, between biomechanical and biological performance was observed. Formulations with higher moduli had inferior cellular performance, and vice versa. Second, several low-modulus biomaterials had favourable biological performance and matured throughout culture duration with enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis and biomechanical moduli. Findings identify an opportunity to develop next-generation biomaterials that provide high initial biomechanical competence to stabilise and repair damaged IVDs with a capacity to promote cell function for long-term healing.