The effects of Mo loading (0−12 wt %) on the properties of activated-carbon- (AC-) supported Fe−Cu−K catalysts and their performance for Fischer−Tropsch synthesis are studied. Physicochemical properties studied include particle size, reducibility, and dispersion, and catalytic properties include activity, selectivity, and stability. Catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and CO chemisorption. Catalyst performance was studied at 310−320 °C, 2.2 MPa, 3 Nl/g-cat/h, and H2/CO = 0.9. Reaction results in a fixed-bed reactor show that addition of 6% Mo into the Fe−Cu−K/AC catalyst improves catalyst stability without sacrificing activity, but activity is suppressed dramatically on a 12% Mo-loaded catalyst. Detectable hydrocarbons of C1 to C34 are produced on the Fe−Cu−K/AC catalysts with or without Mo. However, the addition of Mo results in the production of more CH4 and less C5+ hydrocarbons. The Mo promoter greatly enhances secondary reactions of olefins, leading to a large amount of internal olefins (i.e., other than 1-olefins) in the product. TPR shows that a strong interaction between Fe and Mo oxides is present, and the extent of reduction of Fe is suppressed after addition of Mo to the Fe−Cu−K catalyst. CO-chemisorption and XRD studies show increased iron dispersion and decreased particle size of the iron carbide and iron oxide after the addition of Mo. Segregation of iron active sites, thereby preventing them from agglomerating, and a larger number of active sites on the 6% Mo catalyst are possible reasons for the improved stability and higher activity of Mo-promoted catalysts.

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Abstract. Autochthonous human cases of leishmaniasis in the United States are uncommon. We report three new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and details of a previously reported case, all outside the known endemic range in Texas. Surveys for enzootic rodent reservoirs and sand fly vectors were conducted around the residences of three of the casepatients during the summer of 2006; female Lutzomyia anthophora sand flies were collected at a north Texas and southeast Oklahoma residence of a case-patient, indicating proximity of a suitable vector. Urban sprawl, climatologic variability, or natural expansion of Leishmania mexicana are possible explanations for the apparent spread to the north and east. Enhanced awareness among healthcare providers in the south central region of the United States is important to ensure clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis, diagnosis, and appropriate patient management.

The success of modern transition-metal catalysis is largely due to the availability of a diverse range of ligand frameworks. One of the most universal aspects of ligand design is the strategic attachment of bulky substituents to influence the activity of catalysts. Sterically demanding substituents kinetically protect the active metal center and, at the same time, promote substrate exchange and low coordination, two processes necessary for turnover. Bulky ligand substituents also influence the selectivity of the metal center for product formation and substrate consumption. For these purposes, the most common groups appended to ancillary ligands are alkyl and aryl groups, such as adamantyl or 2,6-diisopropylphenyl. Far less common is the use of dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (C 2 B 10 ) clusters [1] as surrogates for alkyl or aryl groups. [2] The three-dimensional aromatic nature of these species and their icosahedral shape lend them properties akin to those of both alkyl and aryl groups. However, owing to the hydridic nature of the BÀH vertices, ligands bearing these substituents tend to undergo undesirable B À H activation reactions, such as cyclometalation. [3] It is this tendency for such intramolecular reactions to occur that has limited the synthetic utility of dicarba-closo-dodecaborane-bearing ligands in the area of catalysis.Interestingly, complexes that contain ligands functionalized with related carba-closo-dodecaborate anions (CB 11 À ) [4] directly bound to the coordinating atom through the carborane cage carbon atom have not been reported. [5] Although similar in size to their neutral "dicarba" cousins (C 2 B 10 ), isoelectronic (CB 11 À ) clusters have significantly different properties. The negative charge is delocalized over all of the 12 cage atoms, and as a result, the anion is very weakly coordinating. This weak coordination ability can be enhanced by the substitution of some or all of the B À H vertices for alkyl or halo groups. In the case of alkyl substitution, the cluster becomes more reactive towards substitution and oxidation. On the other hand, exhaustive halogenation of the boron vertices of the cluster introduces a blanket of electronwithdrawing substituents that enhances the inherent weak coordination ability of the anion and also confers upon these molecules exceptional inertness. It has been demonstrated that perhalogenated carborane counteranions are sufficiently unreactive that they can form isolable salts with potent oxidants, such as C 60 +[6] and CH 3 + . [7] Thus, these clusters can be far more inert than even simple hydrocarbons: CH 3 + abstracts hydrides from n-alkanes with loss of methane at room temperature. It is these properties that have generated increasing interest [8] in the use of perhalogenated carborane anions in silylium catalysis [8i,l] and related processes. [8f] The anion of choice for most applications is the HCB 11 Cl 11 À anion (1), since it is readily accessible [8g] and arguably the most inert carborane anion (Scheme 1).We are interested in using the HCB 1...