To what extent do local government Web sites support practical, meaningful public involvement? Fifteen years after the adoption and diffusion of the World Wide Web, the answer to this question remains cloudy and controversial. The promise—and peril—of Web‐based public involvement, known as e‐democracy, has been widely debated. Much of the debate has focused on theoretical abstractions or extrapolations of current political or technological trends. Empirical studies have been limited to reports on pilot projects, case studies, or special population surveys. This paper contributes to our empirical understanding of the question. It reports results of a recent comprehensive survey of official government Web sites in the principal cities of the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. In particular, it examines whether and how U.S. city government Web sites facilitate users’ involvement in local public issues.

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Out-of-level testing has been proposed as an approach to including more students with disabilities in statewide tests. Currently, 12 states have policies to test students out of level with more states considering the possibility. However, the policy and practice of out-of-level testing are surrounded by concerns that have not been fully addressed by research. In this article, we present our initial findings related to the psychometric issues and the current policies and practices of out-of-level testing. We conclude with a discussion of future research needs that are important considerations for practitioners who test students with disabilities out of level in statewide assessment programs.

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