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This article examines the unexpected behind-the-scenes relationship between the conservative Catholic chancellor Heinrich Brüning and Marxist theorist Rudolf Hilferding. This relationship is the starting point to understand both the politics of toleration and the political and cultural ecosystem in which this friendship came about. The German Social Democratic Party's policy of tolerating Brüning's conservative minority cabinet was hotly contested and has been viewed skeptically by political historians ever since. This article analyzes the mechanics of toleration through Brüning and Hilferding's relationship and demonstrates how Hilferding became the indispensable intermediary between the German cabinet and the socialist party. Toleration was a replacement political process in a polarized climate. A behind-the-scenes informal coalition that included the socialists, as well as the conservative cabinet, muddled through governing and policymaking with backroom negotiations instead of parliamentary debate. Although it failed, toleration was a last-ditch political strategy trying to preserve the Weimar Republic.

WINTER/SPRING 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTSExplore all benefits at aarp.org/viewmybenefits 4 TRAVEL AARP TRAVEL CENTER POWERED BY EXPEDIA expedia-aarp.com 10% discount at select hotels, up to 30% off base rates on car rentals, up to $100 in extra onboard credits on select cruises, a $50 Visa ® Prepaid Card* with the purchase of a flight vacation package, and a 5% cash rebate (up to $350) on eligible group hotel bookings of nine or more rooms.

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