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The purpose was to compare 14°C (CWI14°C) and 5°C (CWI5°C) cold water immersion following intermittent running. On three occasions, nine male team-sport players undertook 12 min of CWI14°C, CWI5°C or non-immersed seated recovery (CON) following 45 min of 7 intermittent running exercise. Maximal cycling performance and markers of recovery were 8 measured before and in the 0-72 h after exercise. Peak power output (PPO) was immediately 9 reduced following all interventions (d = 1.8). CWI5°C was more effective at restoring PPO than 10 CWI14°C (d = 0.38) and CON (d = 0.28) 24 h post-exercise while both CON (d = 0.20) and CWI5 (d = 0.37) were more effective than CWI14°C after 48 h. CWI was more effective than 12 CON at restoring PPO 72 h post-exercise (d = 0.28-0.30). Mean power output (MPO) was 13 higher in CON compared to CWI5°C (d = 0.30) and CWI14°C (d = 0.21) but there was no 14 difference between CWI5°C and CWI14°C (d = 0.08). CWI5°C was more effective than CWI14°C 15 for restoring MPO to baseline levels 24 h (d = 0.28) and 72 h (d = 0.28) post-exercise; however, CON was more, or equally, effective as CWI5°C and CWI14°C throughout. Lactate and creatine kinase concentrations were unaffected. Perceived muscle soreness remained elevated in CWI5 18 and CON throughout but was similar to baseline in CWI14°C after 72 h. In conclusion, repeated bouts of exercise are initially impaired following 5°C and 14°C CWI, but PPO may be improved 72 h post-exercise. CWI is not recommended for acute recovery based on these data. Athletes and coaches should use the time currently allocated to CWI for more effective, alternative recovery modalities.

This study examined the previous criminal behaviour of individuals who were arrested for violating the drug driving over the prescribed limit offence, introduced into the UK in March 2015. The sample consists of individuals arrested during the first year of enforcement of this offence from March 2015 to March 2016 within the jurisdictional boundaries of the Metropolitan Police Service in London. The previous criminal behaviour of the research subjects was framed within a number of criminological theories and there is examination of any correlation between their criminal history and the drug-driving offence they had been arrested for. The criminal activity was obtained from each individual’s criminal record held on the police national computer and coded with regards to offence groups. As well as criminal sanctions, there was also an examination of drug-related arrest histories. The results indicate a high level of previous criminal activity with drugs and driving matters dominating that activity. This supports the construct that, in this context, drug driving fits within their patterns of offending.

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