a b s t r a c tWithin the operational phase buildings are now producing more data than ever before, from energy usage, utility information, occupancy patterns, weather data, etc. In order to manage a building holistically it is important to use knowledge from across these information sources. However, many barriers exist to their interoperability and there is little interaction between these islands of information.As part of moving building data to the cloud there is a critical need to reflect on the design of cloudbased data services and how they are designed from an interoperability perspective. If new cloud data services are designed in the same manner as traditional building management systems they will suffer from the data interoperability problems.Linked data technology leverages the existing open protocols and W3C standards of the Web architecture for sharing structured data on the web. In this paper we propose the use of linked data as an enabling technology for cloud-based building data services. The objective of linking building data in the cloud is to create an integrated well-connected graph of relevant information for managing a building. This paper describes the fundamentals of the approach and demonstrates the concept within a Small Medium sized Enterprise (SME) with an owner-occupied office building.

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a b s t r a c tThis paper presents a simulation study of the energy and CO 2 benefits of a transparent, near-infrared switching electrochromic (NEC) glazing for building applications. NEC glazings are an emerging dynamic window technology that can modulate the transmission of NIR heat without affecting transmission of visible light. In this study, a hypothetical NEC glazing is simulated on clear and tinted glass in six building type models in 16 U.S. climate regions using Energy Plus 7.1. The total annual energy consumption for lighting, heating, cooling, and ventilation for the NEC glazings are compared with high performance static windows and conventional tungsten-oxide EC glazings. Using regional CO 2 intensities and building stock totals, the results from individual building model simulations are scaled up to national totals. The U.S. national savings from NEC deployment is found to be 167 TWh/yr (600 PJ/yr) compared to the existing building stock, but only 8 TWh/yr (29 PJ/yr) or 1.56 million tonnes of CO 2 per year when compared to high performance static glazings with lighting controls installed. NEC performance varied significantly by building type and location. This analysis reveals that 50% of the total energy savings can be realized by deploying NEC glazings in only 18% of the total window stock, and 75% of the savings in only 39% of the stock. The best performing locations include medium offices and midrise residential buildings in northern climates, where energy savings per unit window area range from 50 to 200 kWh/m 2 -yr.

Narrowing the performance deficit between design intent and real-time environmental and energy performance of buildings is a complex and involved task, impacting on all building stakeholders. Buildings are designed, built and operated with the use of increasingly complex technology and throughout their building life-cycle, produce vast quantities of data. However, many commercial buildings do not perform as originally intended.This paper presents a a dual strand approach to the performance gap problem, describing how heterogeneous building data sources can be transformed into semantically enriched information. This data can serve as a data service for a structured performance analysis approach, at the enterprise level. A performance management framework is described which builds on the semantically enriched information. The performance framework is an approach to performance management which describes performance in a series of objectives which can be evaluated against performance data. The demonstrator illustrates how heterogeneous data can be published semantically and then interpreted using a cross life-cycle performance framework approach.