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Healthcare systems worldwide are burdened by mosquitoes transmitting dangerous diseases. Conventional mosquito surveillance methods to alleviate these diseases are based on expert entomologists' manual examination of the morphological characteristics, which is time-consuming and unscalable. The lack of professional experts brings a high necessity for cheap and accurate automated alternatives for mosquito classification. This paper proposes an end-to-end deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for mosquito species classification by taking advantage of both dropout layers and transfer learning to enhance the performance accuracy. Dropout layers randomly disable the neurons of the neural network, mitigating co-adaptation and data overfitting. Transfer learning efficiently applies the extracted features from one dataset to others.Furthermore, a Region of Interest (ROI) visualization component is adopted to gain insight into the model learning. The generalization ability and feasibility of the proposed model are validated on four publicly available mosquito datasets. Experimental results on these datasets with an accuracy of 98.82%, 98.92%, 94.66%, and 98.40% demonstrate the superiority of our proposed system over the recent state-of-the-art approaches. The effectiveness of different numbers of dropout layers, their positions in the network, and their values are all investigated through ablation studies. Visualizing the model attention confirms that useful mosquito features are learned from insect legs and thorax through our model leading to optimistic predictions.

We exhibit the convexity ratio of voting districts in many states of the USA, which have had their plans challenged. The convexity ratio confirms that these states have likely been gerrymandered. We then redistrict the largest of these states, Texas, avoiding gerrymandering by starting with counties and their populations and only adding or deleting municipalities as necessary. The voting districts themselves are made as nicely shaped as possible, using the convexity ratio as a guide. Those districts with immovable boundaries that cause a poorly shaped designation, a topic of much current research, are dealt with appropriately in the context of the convexity ratio. Algorithms for finding the convexity ratio and designing non-gerrymandered districts are shown. Other more probabilistic convexity measures are discussed. Finally, we comment on how the convexity ratio can be used in other countries, both politically and in other contexts, for example, in territory design for geomarketing and on the electrical or police districting problem.

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