Floodplain ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots and supply multiple ecosystem services. At the same time they are often prone to human pressures that increasingly impact their intactness. Multifunctional floodplain management can be defined as a management approach aimed at a balanced supply of multiple ecosystem services that serve the needs of Communicated by Barbara Livoreil. This is part of the special issue on Networking Biodiversity Knowledge. the local residents, but also those of off-site populations that are directly or indirectly impacted by floodplain management and policies. Multifunctional floodplain management has been recently proposed as a key concept to reconcile biodiversity and ecosystem services with the various human pressures and their driving forces. In this paper we present biophysics and management history of floodplains and review recent multifunctional management approaches and evidence for their biodiversity effects for the six European countries Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine. Multifunctional use of floodplains is an increasingly important strategy in some countries, for instance in the Netherlands and Hungary, and management of floodplains goes hand in hand with sustainable economic activities resulting in flood safety and biodiversity conservation. As a result, biodiversity is increasing in some of the areas where multifunctional floodplain management approaches are implemented. We conclude that for efficient use of management resources and ecosystem services, consensual solutions need to be realized and biodiversity needs to be mainstreamed into management activities to maximize ecosystem service provision and potential human benefits. Multifunctionality is more successful where a broad range of stakeholders with diverse expertise and interests are involved in all stages of planning and implementation. Electronic supplementary material

Waterhemp is an increasingly problematic weed in the U.S. Midwest, having now evolved resistances to herbicides from six different site-of-action groups. Glyphosate-resistant waterhemp in the Midwest is especially concerning given the economic importance of glyphosate in corn and soybean production. Amplification of the target-site gene, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) was found to be the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth, a species closely related to waterhemp. Here, the relationship between glyphosate resistance and EPSPS gene amplification in waterhemp was investigated. Glyphosate dose response studies were performed at field sites with glyphosate-resistant waterhemp in Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, and Nebraska, and relative EPSPS copy number of survivors was determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Waterhemp control increased with increasing glyphosate rate at all locations, but no population was completely controlled even at the highest rate (3,360 g ae ha−1). EPSPS gene amplification was present in plants from four of five locations (Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska) and the proportion of plants with elevated copy number was generally higher in survivors from glyphosate-treated plots than in plants from the untreated control plots. Copy number magnitude varied by site, but an overall trend of increasing copy number with increasing rate was observed in populations with gene amplification, suggesting that waterhemp plants with more EPSPS copies are more resistant. Survivors from the Kentucky population did not have elevated EPSPS copy number. Instead, resistance in this population was attributed to the EPSPS Pro106Ser mutation. Results herein show a quantitative relationship between glyphosate resistance and EPSPS gene amplification in some waterhemp populations, while highlighting that other mechanisms also confer glyphosate resistance in waterhemp.

ObjectivePrevious research suggests that some adolescents are using e-cigarette devices to vaporise (‘vaping’) cannabis in the form of hash oil, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) wax or oil, or dried cannabis buds or leaves. However, it is unclear how adolescents who vape cannabis use other tobacco products. This study examined the extent to which adolescents reported ever vaping cannabis and investigated how demographic variables and tobacco behaviours were associated with use.DesignWe used cross-sectional data from adolescents (total response rate 64.5%) who participated in the 2017 North Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey. SAS logistic regression survey procedures were used to account for the complex survey design and sampling weights.SettingNorth Carolina, USA.ParticipantsAdolescents in high school (n=2835).Primary outcome and measureAdolescents were asked to indicate whether they had ever used an e-cigarette device with marijuana, THC or hash oil, or THC wax.ResultsApproximately 1 in 10 high school students reported ever vaping cannabis in the overall sample (9.6%). In multivariable models, adolescents who reported using cigars (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.76, 95% CI 2.33 to 6.07), waterpipe (aOR 2.32, 95% CI 1.37 to 3.93) or e-cigarettes (aOR 3.18, 95% CI 2.38 to 4.25) in the past 30 days had higher odds of reporting ever vaping cannabis compared with their counterparts. There was no significant association between use of smokeless tobacco (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.91) or use of cigarettes (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.29) in the past 30 days and odds of reporting ever vaping cannabis.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence that large numbers of high school students who use tobacco products have vaped cannabis. As tobacco control policies—such as communication campaigns or smoke-free laws—increasingly focus on e-cigarettes, attention to understanding how adolescents use e-cigarettes to vape substances other than nicotine is essential.

This article describes a comparison of sampling results from air monitoring conducted using total dust and inhalable dust sampling methodologies for the evaluation of wood dust exposures in a carpenter shop. While it is recognized that the total dust sampling method underestimates the true total inhalable aerosol, and it is desirable to select a sampling method for wood dust that accurately measures inhalable particulate, the results presented in this article indicate that the currently available inhalable dust sampling method may not be reliable for the evaluation ofwood dust exposures, particularly at low concentrations. Traditional personal total dust sampling was performed in accordance with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Method 0500, and side-by-side comparison sampling was performed with SKCO brand inhalable particulate mass (IPM) samplers in accordance with American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists criteria. A total of 25 sample pairs (1 7 personal, and 8 area) were collected utilizing both the total dust and IPM sampling methodologies. The results from this study, and data from two unpublished poster presentations, indicate that the IPM/total dust ratio for wood dust is generally in the range of 2 to 4 at relatively high wood dust concentrations (>0.5 mg/m3). However, when total dust concentrations were below 0.5 mg/m3, the corresponding inhalable ratio for personal samples was erratic (range of 2.1 to 71). Using only IPM sampling data in this concentration range could be misleading and may lead to substantial and unnecessary costs to control wood dust. Unpublished sampling data from industry wood dust monitoring have also shown similar results. Particulates larger than 100 p m in diameter were projected into the IPM sampler, causing an overestimate of the amount ofwood dust particulate that was actually inhalable. The IPM method needs further research and development before it can be accurately applied in field industrial hygiene evaluations for wood dust, particularly at low concentrations. MARTIN, J.R.; Zauc, D.M.: COM-PARISON OF TOTAL b S T / I N W E DUST SAMPUNG MWDS KX THE EVALUATION OF T Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH@) Threshold Limit Value(TLV@) booklet refers to the TLV Committee's intent to replace all total particulate TLVs with inhalable, thoracic, or respirable particulate matter TLVs. Side-by-side sampling studies using older total and newer inhalable, thoracic, or respirable sampling techniques are encouraged to be performed, and the results published, to aid in the appropriate replacement of current total particulate TLVs.(') This study was conducted to compare wood dust sampling results in a carpenter shop using total dust and inhalable dust sampling methodologies. The work was conducted during the latter stages of a wood dust control study reported by the authors in a separate publication. (2) The current ACGIH TLV for wood dust is based on studies that utilized the total dust sampling methodology. The existing ACGIH TLV for exposure to hardwood dust...

This paper revisits the register variable field in systemic functional linguistics (SFL), in relation to the concept of ‘semantic density’ in Legitimation Code Theory (LCT). Re-interpreta-tions of the specialized meaning construing disciplinarity are proposed, from the perspective of the ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunctions—highlighting technicality, iconi-zation and aggregation respectively. The term ‘mass’ is suggested as a cover term for these resources. The paper contributes to an ongoing dialogue between SFL and LCT in relation to research on secondary school history and biology discourse in Australian schools, an increa-singly productive exercise in transdisciplinary research.