Inventory of the caterpillars, their food plants and parasitoids began in 1978 for today's Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), in northwestern Costa Rica. This complex mosaic of 120 000 ha of conserved and regenerating dry, cloud and rain forest over 0-2000 m elevation contains at least 10 000 species of non-leaf-mining caterpillars used by more than 5000 species of parasitoids. Several hundred thousand specimens of ACG-reared adult Lepidoptera and parasitoids have been intensively and extensively studied morphologically by many taxonomists, including most of the co-authors. DNA barcoding -the use of a standardized short mitochondrial DNA sequence to identify specimens and flush out undisclosed species -was added to the taxonomic identification process in 2003.

* The vision, ideas, observations and recommendations presented in this report are summarized from discussions by the participants during the 'Sustain What?' workshop held in New York in November 2010. The atmosphere was an example of creative collaboration at its best and the intellectual property herein belongs to the participants as a whole. Agreement with everything in the report by any single author should not be assumed as there was lively debate and disagreements over details. That said, most major points including, importantly, the feasibility of a 50-year species inventory were agreed to by all. The participants willingly set aside minor divergences of opinion in the interest of community-building and the creation of a powerful general vision for what can be.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of the fruit of Macaranga alnifolia from Madagascar led to the isolation of four new prenylated stilbenes, schweinfurthins E-H (1-4), and one new geranylated dihydroflavonol, alnifoliol (5). The known prenylated stilbene, vedelianin (6), and the known geranylated flavonoids, bonanniol A (7), diplacol (8), bonannione A (9) and diplacone (10), were also isolated. All ten compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line assay. Vedelianin (IC 50 = 0.13 µM) exhibited the greatest activity among all isolates, while schweinfurthin E (IC 50 = 0.26 µM) was the most potent of the new compounds.The genus Macaranga is a large genus of the Euphorbiaceae family. Observation of Macaranga plants in their natural environment has revealed that they produce thread-like wax crystals on their ste ms, which make the slippery surfaces impassable for all insects except a species of ants known as "wax runners". Chemical analysis has indicated that terpenoids make up a majority of the wax bloom content that helps maintain this symbiotic relationship between plant and insect. 2 One of the more commonly studied species of this genus is M. tanarius, noted for its diterpenoid 3,4 and flavonoid 5-7 content. Work has also been performed on the isolation and characterization of terpenes from M. carolinensis ,8 flavonoids from M. conifera 9 and M. denticulate ,10 chromenoflavones from M. indica , 11 clerodane diterpenes from M. monandra , 12 bergenin derivatives and polyphenols from M. peltata , 13 , 14 prenylflavones from M. pleiostemona , 15 a geranyl flavanone from M. schweinfurthii ,16 tannins from M. sinensis ,17 a rotenoid and other compounds from M. triloba , 18 and a geranylflavonol from M. vedeliana. 19 No phytochemical studies have been previously reported for M. alnifolia.

Stepwise coevolution, as defined by Ehrlich and Raven (1964) and others, can be equated with parallel cladogenesis or association by descent (Mitter and Brooks, 1983). I review the insect/plant literature and discuss recent cladistic findings for the Papilionidae, and compare two contrasting theories: 1) that insecdhost associations have evolved through parallel cladogenesis; or 2) that insects have 'colonized' their hosts subsequent to plant cladogenesis. I conclude that no documented examples of parallel cladogenesis between insects and plants are known. The swallowtail cladograms instead offer evidence in support of the second theory. They suggest that host association patterns in the Papilionidae have resulted from repeated colonization of plants belonging to a relatively small number of families. I discuss data which indicate that plant secondary chemicals have been important 'barriers' to colonization (sens. Ehrlich and Raven, 1964), and have in large part mediated host switching in the Papilionidae.