Clinical research examining the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults is presented and critically evaluated in this systematic evidence-based review. Specific criteria were used for searching the published literature and for grading the quality and strength of the evidence and the strength of the treatment recommendations. Treatment recommendations based on the evidence are presented in Table 3, entitled Summary of Treatment Recommendations Made by the Expert Panel for Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, and were reached unanimously by a panel of AML experts. The identified priority areas of needed future research in adult AML include: (1) What is the role of HSCT in treating patients with specific molecular markers (eg, FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, BAALC, MLL, NRAS, etc.) especially in patients with normal cytogenetics? (2) What is the benefit of using HSCT to treat different cytogenetic subgroups? (3) What is the impact on survival outcomes of reduced intensity or nonmyeloablative versus conventional conditioning in older (>60 years) and intermediate (40-60 years) aged adults? (4) What is the impact on survival outcomes of unrelated donor HSCT vesus chemotherapy in younger (<40 years) adults with high risk disease?

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The crystal structures of four indole derivatives with various substituents at the 2-, 3- and 5-positions of the ring system are described. The dominant inter­molecular inter­action in each case is an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates either chains or inversion dimers. Weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions occur in these structures but there is no consistent pattern amongst them. Two of these compounds act as modest enhancers of CB1 cannabanoid signalling and two are inactive.

We test the hypothesis that language models trained with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) have the capability to "morally self-correct"-to avoid producing harmful outputs-if instructed to do so. We find strong evidence in support of this hypothesis across three different experiments, each of which reveal different facets of moral self-correction. We find that the capability for moral self-correction emerges at 22B model parameters, and typically improves with increasing model size and RLHF training. We believe that at this level of scale, language models obtain two capabilities that they can use for moral self-correction: (1) they can follow instructions and (2) they can learn complex normative concepts of harm like stereotyping, bias, and discrimination. As such, they can follow instructions to avoid certain kinds of morally harmful outputs. We believe our results are cause for cautious optimism regarding the ability to train language models to abide by ethical principles.

While links between soil and plant health are implied, there are few opportunities to empirically evaluate this due to inherent differences among sites. An exception is a long-term experiment established in 2007 (repeated in 2008) in Ridgetown, ON, where improved soil health scores and changes in soil microbial communities were observed in the medium-term with annual cover crops (CC). This led us to hypothesize that CC-induced changes in soil health might affect bacterial spot (Xanthomonas hordorum pv. gardneri) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes) development in processing tomato. Five CC treatments (no CC control, winter cereal rye, oat, radish, and mix of radish+rye) planted after winter wheat harvest were evaluated in 2019 and 2020 (CC grown 9 times over 12 years). Fruit yields and net revenue were similar or greater with CC than without. In 2019, there was greater defoliation (area under the disease progress stairs = 4370±204), percent red fruit (71.0%±5.38) and rots (1.91%±0.5) in no CC than with radish (3410, 39.1%, 0.62%, respectively, P≤0.0366), indicating earlier fruit maturity in no CC plots. Similarly, no CC had a greater incidence of red fruits with anthracnose (25.8%±2.89) compared with all CCs but rye (7.4 to 12.1%±2.89) (P=0.0029). Environmental conditions in 2020 were less favourable for disease development. Defoliation was not affected by CC treatment (P=0.1254) and anthracnose incidence was low (≥90.3±1.22% healthy fruit), which may have limited the ability to detect treatment effects (P=0.2922). Long-term cover crops have the potential to produce greater or equivalent tomato yield with decreased defoliation and anthracnose fruit rot.