Augmentation cystoplasty and bladder substitution preserve renal function and provide urinary continence in most children with intractable lower urinary tract disease. However, the procedures remain associated with numerous complications.

The image quality of the ISO C 3D is worse than that of multirow CT scans for the evaluation of lumbar pedicle screws. This causes greater variance among the rater reports. We stopped using the ISO C 3D technique intraoperatively for the implantation of lumbar pedicle screws.

Much of the life of Francesco Parona and many of his contributions to medicine are unknown outside of Europe. Parona made novel contributions to many surgical techniques and medical treatments and was an active member of society and the Italian political regime. Parona's name lives on eponymously by his ''space'' in the forearm. This paper will discuss the personal life and medical contributions of Francesco Parona. Clin. Anat. 26:547-550, 2013. V V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

There have been many advances in the medical world over time that have greatly contributed to ameliorating and prolonging human life. The employment of surgical anesthesia is arguably one of the greatest medical discoveries of all time, and has immensely broadened our ability to treat the ill. While Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow (1818-1890) was not the inventor of anesthesia, he was the first to publish and advocate its use in the 19th century (Bigelow and Bigelow [1894] A Memoir of Henry Jacob Bigelow, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company; Harrington and Mumford [1905] The Harvard Medical School: A History, Narrative and Documentary, Vol 2, New York: Lewis Publishing Company). Bigelow also contributed to revolutionizing the fields of orthopedic and urologic surgery, publishing extensive research on subjects where there was previously very little knowledge, and even developing new techniques. He also impacted the field of neuropsychiatry in his publication regarding Phineas Gage. His contributions to the medical field have set him apart as one of the most influential and famous surgeons of America in the 19th century. Anatomically, he will be remembered eponymously for his iliofemoral ligament and septum in the femur.

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