Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem in developing countries. Drug utilization study of antidiabetic drugs is of paramount importance to promote rational drug use in patients with DM and to make available valuable information for the health-care team. Aims & Objective:To determine the prescription pattern of drugs used in the treatment of patients with type 2 DM in outpatient general clinics of Hyderabad. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out by evaluating 600 prescriptions of antidiabetic drugs over a period of 2 month obtained from pharmacy database of five general family clinics. The study assessed prescribing pattern for six classes of antidiabetic drugs: insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas, glitazones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Results: Of 600 prescriptions evaluated, 349 were of male patients and 251 were of female patients. Frequency of use of antidiabetic drugs as monotherapy was 74.5% and as combination therapy was 24.5%. As monotherapy, sulfonylureas (33%) were the highly prescribed class of antidiabetic drugs followed by biguanides (20%), insulins (11.3%), α-glucosidase inhibitors (4.8%), DPP-4 inhibitors (4%), and glitazones (1.1%). Among individual drugs, metformin (20%) and glimepiride (16.6%) were the maximum prescribed drugs. As combination therapy, metformin + glimepiride (9.3%) and metformin + voglibose (3.8%) are the most commonly prescribed two-drug combinations, and metformin + voglibose + insulin (1.1%) is the most popular three-drug combination. Conclusion: Sulfonylureas was the most commonly prescribed drug class for patients with type 2 DM followed by biguanides. Major limitations of this work include its retrospective nature and the inability to determine the actual patient adherence to therapy.

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Background: The main purpose of the study was to highlight the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride levels in type 2 DM. Insulin resistance is associated with the elevated triglycerides (TG), and persons with type-2 diabetes are insulin resistant However, it is unknown what level of glycemia that causes an increase in TGL. Hence Therefore I am interested to determine the quantitative relationship between the hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and TGL.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at GVPIHC&MT Marikavalasa, Visakhapatnam-4. The study population included 100 patients (not discriminate Male/ Female) of type 2 DM not on lipid lowering medication and 100 subjects without DM as controls from the department of General Medicine. For statistical analysis, Chi-square and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find the association between triglyceride and HbA1c.Results: The association of high triglyceride was evaluated in type 2 DM group of HbA1c, with a cut-off value 7% patients had high triglycerides and showed a significant association with high HbA1c levels at p<0.0001.Conclusions: It has been shown from this study Triacylglycerol level are high with HbA1c (with a cut-off value 7%) level was found higher in diabetic patients when compared with the controls. Therefore, proper glycemic control should be maintained by maintaining HbA1c level less than 6.0% to prevent multifactorial disorder of diabetic complications.

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Monkeypox is a self-limiting zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus belonging to the genus of orthopox viruses. Initially considered an ‘African disease’, this infection has crossed the boundaries to affect other continents and it has raised tremendous concerns among the general public as well as the medical fraternity all over the world, particularly because of the lack of specific vaccinations and drugs for the management of the illness. Epidemiological evaluation of the current infection has reported that it is mainly transmitted through sexual contact in bisexual men, mostly whites, and in those with pre-existing human immunodeficiency virus infection. The most common presentations were skin rash, anogenital lesions, or mucosal lesions along with systemic symptoms. It has been established that the vaccines and drugs approved for the management of smallpox could be used for the management of the current monkeypox outbreak. Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) and vaccines like JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 and antiviral drugs like tecovirimat, cidofovir (CDV), and brincidofovir are being considered for those patients with serious diseases. It is imperative for physicians to understand the pharmacological aspects of these drugs for delivering better care to patients with monkeypox, which is eventually essential for the containment of this infection. This review covers updates on vaccines as well as drugs for the prevention and management of monkeypox.