Atmospheric particles and droplets contain numerous organic substances, some of which form complexes with metal ions, significantly affecting bulk physicochemical properties and chemical reactivity. However, the detection and identification of complexing agents and their corresponding metal complexes remains an analytical challenge. In this study, we developed an LC/HRMS nontarget screening (NTS) approach which allows the selective detection of complexing agents in aerosol particle extracts and rainwater. To achieve this, a Tjunction is installed between the LC outlet and the ion source, and a FeCl 3 solution is added for postcolumn complexation. The resulting mass spectra are screened for the three characteristic iron(III)-complexes [M − H + FeCl 3 ] − , [M − 2H + FeCl 2 ] − , and [M − 3H + FeCl] − with mass differences (Δm/z) between the complexing agent and the iron complex of 160.8416, 124.8648, and 89.8959, respectively. Up to 29 di-or tricarboxylic acids were identified as complexing agents in aerosol particle samples from two different sites (Melpitz, Germany, and Wangdu, China) at concentrations as low as 50 nM. Thirteen complexing agents were detected even in measurements without postcolumn iron addition from complexation with background Fe 3+ traces from the analytical system. At least for the highest concentrated complexing agents, the proposed screening approach can thus be exploited in a NTS approach without any device modification. Besides carboxylic acids, 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitrocatechol were identified as further complexing agents, demonstrating the applicability of the approach to other matrices and to a range of different complexing agents.
Climate extremes in tandem with biodiversity change affect emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from plants and, as a result, the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA). The resulting BSOA can have a wide variety of impacts, such as on Earth′s radiative balance and cloud formation. However, it is unclear to what extent changes in BVOC emissions and BSOA formation are related to biodiversity. Here we present a conceptual framework of the relationships between biodiversity and BVOC emissions based on our current mechanistic understanding and existing knowledge. We tested parts of this framework using a tree diversity experiment as a case-study. We find that the amount of BVOCs in most cases decreases with biodiversity, implying that tree mixtures produce less than expected BVOC compared to tree monocultures. However, some BSOA compounds increased and some decreased relative to what is expected from monocultures. Based on these mixed results, we recommend further field measurements on the patterns of BVOC emission and BSOA formation across biodiversity gradients to improve our understanding and accuracy of the amounts of the compounds emitted. Future studies need a multidisciplinary approach to open a new research nexus where the fields of climate science, biology and atmospheric chemistry interact.
<p>Atmosph&#228;rische Aerosolproben aus der Gas- und Fl&#252;ssigphase bestehen aus zahlreichen organischen Substanzen. So beinhaltet sekund&#228;res organisches Aerosol (SOA) bis zu 100 000 verschiedene organische Substanzen, welche durch Oxidation von biogenen und anthropogenen volatilen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) gebildet werden. Einige davon k&#246;nnen zusammen mit Metallkationen von Eisen, Kupfer oder Mangan Komplexe in Aerosolpartikeln ausbilden. Solche Komplexe k&#246;nnen photochemische Umwandlungsreaktionen ausl&#246;sen und tragen zur verbesserten L&#246;slichkeit von Metallionen in die atmosph&#228;rische Fl&#252;ssigphase bei. Komplexbildner sind deswegen wichtige, aber nur schwer identifizierbare, organische Bestandteile von Aerosolpartikeln. In dieser Studie haben wir eine Fl&#252;ssigkeitschromatographie mit hochaufl&#246;sender Massenspektrometrie (LC/HR-MS) gekoppelt um ein Non-Target-Screening (NTS) durchzuf&#252;hren, der den selektiven Nachweis von Komplexbildnern in Aerosolpartikelextrakten erm&#246;glicht. Hierf&#252;r wurde ein T-St&#252;ck zwischen LC Auslass und der Ionenquelle eingebaut um eine Nachtrenns&#228;ulen-Komplexierung mit einer 155 &#181;M FeCl<sub>3</sub> L&#246;sung umzusetzen. Anschlie&#223;end werden die erhaltenen Massenspektren auf die drei charakteristischen Eisenkomplexe [M-H+FeCl<sub>3</sub>]<sup>-</sup>, [M-2H+FeCl<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup> und [M-3H+FeCl]<sup>-</sup> untersucht, dabei betragen die Massenunterschiede (&#8710;<em>m/z</em>) zwischen dem Signal des jeweiligen Komplexbildners und des Eisenkomplexes 160,8416, 124,8648 und 89,8959. In Aerosolpartikelproben aus Deutschland und China konnten bis zu 29 verschiedene Di- und Tricarbons&#228;uren als Komplexbildner nachgewiesen werden, selbst bei niedrigen Extrakt Konzentrationen von nur 50 nM. Ohne Nachtrenns&#228;ulen-Komplexierung mit Eisen werden noch 13 Komplexbildner identifiziert, welche durch Hintergrund Eisenspuren aus dem Analysesystem komplexiert werden. Zumindest f&#252;r die am h&#246;chsten konzentrierten Komplexbildner ist der vorgeschlagene Screening-Ansatz somit auch ohne Ger&#228;teumbau anwendbar, besonders attraktiv ist dies f&#252;r den Einsatz in der Routineanalytik. Neben Carbons&#228;uren wurden 4-Nitrophenol und 4-Nitrocatechol als weitere Komplexbildner in Regenwasserproben entdeckt, was die Anwendbarkeit der Methode auf andere Matrices und auf eine Reihe verschiedener Komplexbildner zeigt.&#160;</p>
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