Background: Parasitoid wasps have fascinating life cycles and play an important role in trophic networks, yet little is known about their genome content and function. Parasitoids that infect aphids are an important group with the potential for biological control. Their success depends on adapting to develop inside aphids and overcoming both host aphid defenses and their protective endosymbionts. Results: We present the de novo genome assemblies, detailed annotation, and comparative analysis of two closely related parasitoid wasps that target pest aphids: Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). The genomes are small (139 and 141 Mbp) and the most AT-rich reported thus far for any arthropod (GC content: 25.8 and 23.8%). This nucleotide bias is accompanied by skewed codon usage and is stronger in genes with adult-biased expression. AT-richness may be the consequence of reduced genome size, a near absence of DNA methylation, and energy efficiency. We identify missing desaturase genes, whose absence may underlie mimicry in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of L. fabarum. We highlight key gene groups including those underlying venom composition, chemosensory perception, and sex determination, as well as potential losses in immune pathway genes. Conclusions: These findings are of fundamental interest for insect evolution and biological control applications. They provide a strong foundation for further functional studies into coevolution between parasitoids and their hosts. Both genomes are available at https://bipaa.genouest.org.

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Hair types have been under strong targeted selection in domestic animals for their impact on skin protection, thermoregulation and exterior morphology, and subsequent economic importance. In pigs, a very special hair phenotype was observed in Mangalitza, who expresses a thick coat of curly bristles and downy hair. Two breed-specific missense variants in TRPM2 and CYP4F3 were suggested to be associated with the Mangalitza pig’s hair shape due to their role in hair follicle morphogenesis reported for human and mice. However, the mechanism behind this expression of a curly hair type is still unclear and needs to be explored. In our study, hair shafts were measured and investigated for the curvature of the hair in Mangalitza and crossbreeds in comparison to straight-coated pigs. For molecular studies, hair roots underwent RNA sequencing for a differential gene expression analysis using DESeq2. The output matrix of normalized counts was then used to construct weighted gene co-expression networks. The resulting hair root gene expression profiles highlighted 454 genes to be significantly differentially expressed for initiation of curly hair phenotype in newborn Mangalitza piglets versus post-initiation in later development. Furthermore, 2,554 genes showed a significant differential gene expression in curly hair in comparison to straight hair. Neither TRPM2 nor CYP4F3 were identified as differentially expressed. Incidence of the genes in weighted co-expression networks associated with TRPM2 and CYP4F3, and prominent interactions of subsequent proteins with lipids and calcium-related pathways suggested calcium signaling and/or lipid metabolism as essential players in the induction of the curly hair as well as an ionic calcium-dependency to be a prominent factor for the maintenance of this phenotype. Subsequently, our study highlights the complex interrelations and dependencies of mutant genes TRPM2 and CYP4F3 and associated gene expression patterns, allowing the initiation of curly hair type during the development of a piglet as well as the maintenance in adult individuals.

Background Past selection events left footprints in the genome of domestic animals, which can be traced back by stretches of homozygous genotypes, designated as runs of homozygosity (ROHs). The analysis of common ROH regions within groups or populations displaying potential signatures of selection requires high-quality SNP data as well as carefully adjusted ROH-defining parameters. In this study, we used a simultaneous testing of rule- and model-based approaches to perform strategic ROH calling in genomic data from different pig populations to detect genomic regions under selection for specific phenotypes. Results Our ROH analysis using a rule-based approach offered by PLINK, as well as a model-based approach run by RZooRoH demonstrated a high efficiency of both methods. It underlined the importance of providing a high-quality SNP set as input as well as adjusting parameters based on dataset and population for ROH calling. Particularly, ROHs ≤ 20 kb were called in a high frequency by both tools, but to some extent covered different gene sets in subsequent analysis of ROH regions common for investigated pig groups. Phenotype associated ROH analysis resulted in regions under potential selection characterizing heritage pig breeds, known to harbour a long-established breeding history. In particular, the selection focus on fitness-related traits was underlined by various ROHs harbouring disease resistance or tolerance-associated genes. Moreover, we identified potential selection signatures associated with ear morphology, which confirmed known candidate genes as well as uncovered a missense mutation in the ABCA6 gene potentially supporting ear cartilage formation. Conclusions The results of this study highlight the strengths and unique features of rule- and model-based approaches as well as demonstrate their potential for ROH analysis in animal populations. We provide a workflow for ROH detection, evaluating the major steps from filtering for high-quality SNP sets to intersecting ROH regions. Formula-based estimations defining ROHs for rule-based method show its limits, particularly for efficient detection of smaller ROHs. Moreover, we emphasize the role of ROH detection for the identification of potential footprints of selection in pigs, displaying their breed-specific characteristics or favourable phenotypes.