169Agricultural production has always been exposed to many risks. The main groups of risks result from the specific characteristics of the agricultural sector and from the trends in the agrarian policy -the risks connected with the effectiveness of the market, the risks connected with adverse weather conditions and livestock infections, the financial risks and the institutional risks resulting from policy modifications.Since the second half of the 90 s of the 20 th century, discussions on the topic of risk management in agriculture have been taking place at a global level. From that time, it has been possible to quote papers focused on the spectrum of the most frequently used risk Abstract: The paper examines the relationship between the farmers' operating risk and current subsidies. Focused at the commodity level, the analysis is based on a sample survey of costs and yields of two crops (winter wheat and rapeseed) and two livestock commodities (cow milk and fattening cattle) carried out in [2005][2006][2007] in the czech republic. The risk analysis relates to the growing conditions, crop yields and the livestock productivity. The future role of the subsidies as the risk management tool in the farming business, as well as the position of this instrument against the other risk management instruments is analysed. The break even analysis and the Monte carlo simulation are used as analytical tools. The results indicate that the current subsidies have an impact on the stability of the farmers' income. Partially or fully decoupled payments serve as a "financial pillow" increasing the level of the farmers' income and extending the farmers' decision-making possibilities. Furthermore, the current subsidies reduce the variability of the farmers' income. The current subsidies are a suitable complement to other commonly used risk management tools primarily designed to reduce the farmers' and farm income variability. Key words: risk management, agricultural policy, direct payments, income stability, Monte carlo simulationAbstrakt: Příspěvek zkoumá vztah mezi provozním rizikem zemědělců a provozními dotacemi. Analýza byla provedena na komoditní úrovni a vychází z výběrového šetření nákladů a výnosů dvou komodit rostlinné výroby (pšenice ozimá a řepka) a dvou komodit živočišné výroby (mléko a výkrm skotu), realizovaného za roky 2005-2007 v České republice. Analýza rizika je vztažena k výrobním oblastem a úrovni výnosů plodin, respektive k užitkovosti zvířat. Analýza zohledňuje současnou i budoucí roli provozních dotací jako nástroje řízení příjmových rizik v zemědělském podnikání se zřetelem na vymezení jejich pozice vůči ostatním používaným instrumentům "risk managementu". Pro účely analýzy byly využity analýza bodu zvratu a simulace Monte carlo. Výsledky ukazují, že provozní dotace mají přímý vliv na stabilitu příjmů farmářů. Platby částečně nebo plně oddělené od produkce působí jako "finanční polštář" zvyšující úroveň důchodu země-dělců a rozšiřující prostor pro rozhodování. Provozní dotace rovněž snižují variabilitu příjmů...

This paper deals with the analysis of the trends in costs and revenues of selected agricultural products grown and bred under the conditions of organic agriculture. The analysis of the trends in revenues and costs is performed for the cattle breeding, beef cows and for the plant production of spelt, oat and potatoes. Costs are evaluated in the relationship with the direct and indirect costs. Revenues are traced with the help of per hectare yield, efficiency and market prices. Data of the selected file of the organically farming companies for the controlled commodities are compared with the same commodities of the selected file of the conventionally farming companies worked by the Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (RIAE) in Prague.Key words: organic farming, prices and costs, beef cows, cattle fattening, spelt, oat, potatoes Abstrakt: Příspěvek je zaměřen na analýzu vývoje výnosů a nákladů u vybraných zemědělských produktů pěstovaných a chovaných v ekologických podmínkách hospodaření. Analýza vývoje výnosů a nákladů je provedena u výkrmu skotu, v chovu krav bez tržní produkce mléka a u rostlinných produktů pšenice špaldy, ovsa a brambor. Nákladovost je posuzována ve vazbě na přímé a nepřímé náklady. Výnosnost je sledována pomocí hektarových výnosů, užitkovosti a tržních cen. Údaje výběrového souboru ekologicky podnikajících subjektů u sledovaných komodit jsou porovnávány se stejnými komoditami z výběrového souboru konvenčně hospodařících podniků zpracovávaných VÚZE v Praze.Klíčová slova: ekologické zemědělství, ceny a náklady, krávy bez tržní produkce mléka, výkrm skotu, pšenice špalda, oves, brambory Supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (Grant No. MSM 6215648904 "Czech economy in the process of integration and globalization and the development of agrarian sector and sector of services in new conditions of the European integrated market").

PRODUCTION ECONOMY OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MILK: PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND MARKETING The article deals with the breeding of dairy cows in organic farming systems in the Czech Republic in the years 2010-2014, an evaluation of the organic milk production and a comparison of the production economy of organic milk and milk produced in the conventional manner. The growing popularity of organic milk is reflected in the increasing number of organic dairy farmers and thereby also in increasing production of organic milk. The sad fact is that the growth of this industry is currently driven mainly by an interest occurring in foreign countries, where organic milk can be marketed as an organic product and simultaneously it is possible to achieve a better evaluation. Although the number of businesses breeding cows and the organic milk production are growing, with regards to both scale of production and economic importance, the production of organic milk can be characterised as less important. The increase of interest in producing organic milk is primarily a matter of the production economy, which is unfavourable. The market price of milk even with aid has not covered production costs. In 2014, as estimated, the production economy of organic milk improved.

Grasslands received policy attention in the Czech Republic only just fifteen years ago, when they were threatened to be abandoned in the economic transition process. The supports to farming on grasslands have grown gradually, particularly after the EU accession. The policy followed the notion of jointness between grassland management and beef cattle raising and conditioned Agri-environmental (AE) and Less Favoured Areas (LFA) payments by a minimum livestock density. There are many reasons why the current policy will change in the new programme period. This paper attempts to assess the impact of the envisaged changes on grassland maintenance. It is showed that overall future supports to farming will be sufficient to keep positive profit on grassland farms, however the structure of supports might be less appropriate to the actual objectives of grassland protection and hence, there is a threat of policy failure in the end.