In-gel digestion of proteins isolated by gel electrophoresis is a cornerstone of mass spectrometry (MS)-driven proteomics. The 10-year-old recipe by Shevchenko et al. has been optimized to increase the speed and sensitivity of analysis. The protocol is for the in-gel digestion of both silver and Coomassie-stained protein spots or bands and can be followed by MALDI-MS or LC-MS/MS analysis to identify proteins at sensitivities better than a few femtomoles of protein starting material.

Kinetics of in-gel digestion of proteins by modified and native trypsins was studied by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry using 18O-labeled peptides as internal standards. The effect of the temperature, enzyme concentration, digestion time, and surface area of gel pieces on the yield of digestion products was characterized. Based on the kinetic data, we developed a protocol that enabled the identification of gel-separated proteins with 30-min digestion time without compromising the peptide yield and the sensitivity compared to conventional protocols that typically rely upon overnight enzymatic cleavage. The accelerated digestion protocol was tested in identification of more than 120 proteins from budding and fission yeasts at the subpicomole level.

Cohesion established between sister chromatids during pre-meiotic DNA replication mediates two rounds of chromosome segregation. The first division is preceded by an extended prophase wherein homologous chromosomes undergo recombination. The persistence of cohesion during prophase is essential for recombination and both meiotic divisions. Here we show that Mnd2, a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) from budding yeast, is essential to prevent premature destruction of cohesion in meiosis. During S- and prophase, Mnd2 prevents activation of the APC/C by a meiosis-specific activator called Ama1. In cells lacking Mnd2 the APC/C-Ama1 enzyme triggers degradation of Pds1, which causes premature sister chromatid separation due to unrestrained separase activity. In vitro, Mnd2 inhibits ubiquitination of Pds1 by APC/C-Ama1 but not by other APC/C holo-enzymes. We conclude that chromosome segregation in meiosis depends on the selective inhibition of a meiosis-specific form of the APC/C.

A combination of nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry and (18)O-labeled peptide internal standards was applied for the absolute quantification of proteins from their in-solution and in-gel tryptic digests. Although absolute quantification from in-solution digests was accurate, we observed that in-gel digestion compromised the quantification accuracy by affecting the recovery of individual peptides and, therefore, the provided estimates might be strongly influenced by the selection of reference peptides. Under optimized experimental conditions, it was possible to provide a semiquantitative estimate of the absolute amount of gel separated proteins within better than 50% error margin.