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The article presents results of research in the field of prototyping -3D printing. The authors are focused on polylactic acid material known by the abbreviation PLA, which is widely used in 3D printing method to produce objects. The tech-nology of successive layering of plastics and its solidification causes states of tension in printed objects and subsequently their deformation. That may even lead to torn the object from the print pad. The article deals with dimensions of the deformations at the specimen just in dependence on heating of the print pad. The authors also suggest a compromise solution between excessive deformation of underlying layers and therefore proportional change of physical dimensions of the object and low adhesion of the object to the underlying heating bed, which can be seen as cut off the object during the printing process as mentioned.

Migration issues are an important topic of Czech political discourse. However, little is known about the attitudes of Czech political parties, especially in the context of the securitisation of migration. The value of this article is in the comparative perspective it offers by comparing the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. This is achieved by critical discourse analysis of Czech parties’ manifestos in the 2014 and 2019 European Parliament elections. Based on the results of the analysis, I argue that the securitisation of migration in Czech party manifestos was already set up in the pre-crisis period; the so-called migration crisis just emphasised this framing. The legitimisation of the framing was mainly connected with the issue of ‘illegality’ and the main security measure suggested was the protection of the external borders of the EU. This study also offers theoretic contributions. I propose to consider securitisation as a pragmatic strategy which should not necessarily be linked to the concept of populism. As my results show, securitisation as a pragmatic strategy is used by parties from across the political spectrum, no matter their position on the left-right political divide, their position on the EU or populist rhetoric.

Scholars agree that securitized discourses mainly drive migration policy. However, to fully understand the migration discourse, it is necessary to look also at the discourse legitimating the acceptance of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Namely, how Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) legitimate the potential acceptance of migrants in EU plenary debates within the human security speech acts that prevail in the European Parliament plenary debates. By exploring legitimation categories, I show that human security discourse might remain part of the exclusion process, similarly to other security concepts and discursive strategies. In other words, the results show that in human security speech acts, MEPs evoke the “language of exclusion practices” containing the victimhood trope and building the “hierarchy of vulnerability.” Moreover, MEPs' efforts to legitimize immigration in this way might be counterproductive. In particular, the article discusses whether attempts to elicit grand emotions such as pity or shame helps to attract the audience.