Though having been emphasised by philosophers and theologians for centuries, it is only in the last few years that the concept of intellectual humility has been explicitly defined and studied by empirical psychology. However, it has been long enough to recognise the prominent role that being intellectually humble plays for humane functioning, both at an intra- and inter-individual level. Having started with a broader philosophical and historical context, the present paper discusses the psychological conceptualisations of intellectual humility. Then the recent empirical studies are reviewed, including four strands of research referring to personality traits, cognitive functioning, social relations and religiosity. After presenting selected results, the prospects of psychological research on intellectual humility are discussed, including the limitations and challenges of measurement techniques as well as possible directions for future studies.
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between personality traits, self-esteem and life satisfaction, and also the stress level, among dentists during the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to confirm our hypotheses, 310 active dentists aged 25–64 years who were practising during the first wave of COVID-19 in Poland were examined. The IPIP-BFM-20 self-report questionnaire was used to measure personality traits, the popular Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to assess self-esteem, the five-item Satisfaction with Life Scale was used to measure life satisfaction and the four-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale was used to measure stress. The dependent variable—stress—correlates negatively with traits in relation to the dimensions of extraversion (r = −0.17, p < 0.01), emotional stability (r = −0.35, p < 0.01) and intellect (r = −0.16, p < 0.01); it also has a negative correlation with self-esteem (r = −0.37, p < 0.01) and life satisfaction (r = −0.35, p < 0.01). Among the analysed variables, the highest correlations are observed for the following: self-esteem and emotional stability (r = 0.51, p < 0.01); self-esteem and life satisfaction (r = 0.49, p < 0.01); extraversion and intellect (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). Considering the measures of mediation relevance and pathway relevance, it can be assumed that both self-esteem and life satisfaction have a mediating function in the relationship between agreeableness, emotional stability and stress: the relationship between emotional stability and stress is negative whereas that between agreeableness and stress is positive.
Przedstawiciele różnych współczesnych ruchów filozoficznych próbowali uporać się z traumą spowodowaną Holokaustem i ludobójstwem. Holokaust odcisnął bardzo wyraźny ślad na filozofach pochodzenia żydowskiego. Najwybitniejszym nurtem współczesnej myśli żydowskiej jest klasyczna filozofia dialogu. Artykuł przedstawia krytyczną analizę wpływu doświadczenia Holokaustu na myśl Emanuela Lévinasa, głównego powojennego przedstawiciela filozofii dialogu. Lévinas, więziony jako oficer armii francuskiej, wojnę spędził w obozie jenieckim. Większość jego prac, powstałych po wojnie, naznaczona została bolesnym cieniem Holokaustu (pomimo nielicznych bezpośrednich i osobistych odniesień do doświadczeń wojennych). W swojej myśli etycznej Levinas szukał odpowiedzi na dwa fundamentalne pytania: 1) jak mogło dojść do zbrodni ludobójstwa i 2) jak zmienić schematy myślenia i świadomość jednostek, aby podobna tragedia nigdy więcej się nie powtórzyła. Wyraził, że koncepcja relacji międzyludzkich jest doskonałą praktyczną lekcją dla każdego z nas. Popularyzacja jego idei jest nadal aktualna. Jego refleksje nie straciły nic ze swojej aktualności w erze wszechobecnej „mowy nienawiści” zalewającej media masowe i społecznościowe.
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